tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91138543660866146532024-03-19T23:35:09.779-07:00行雲隨筆Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.comBlogger132125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-9705495461036593922013-12-20T23:53:00.000-08:002018-10-11T16:18:22.326-07:00歡迎<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="color: #45818e; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: small;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #009900; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">歡迎造訪</span><strong><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: small;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: blue; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">行雲隨筆</span></span></b></strong></span></strong></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctXENzhmNPdakYGAAcPOht2V1TEyGsYZklsF89UIUOPKPB0n84PAIt-iu5wMaAgxdufT8GKkdHv7NV0xOu3tIhwDWAyxUtml0w6FKj4k64HY4BqzgO0JQg5lRUQ3ItkoQ2KmDCP-_FMmK/s1600/IMG_1491+N.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgctXENzhmNPdakYGAAcPOht2V1TEyGsYZklsF89UIUOPKPB0n84PAIt-iu5wMaAgxdufT8GKkdHv7NV0xOu3tIhwDWAyxUtml0w6FKj4k64HY4BqzgO0JQg5lRUQ3ItkoQ2KmDCP-_FMmK/s640/IMG_1491+N.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;">
</span><br />
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">承蒙大家的愛護,這個部落格截至</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2018 <span lang="ZH-TW">年</span> 10 <span lang="ZH-TW">月的累積點閱率,已經超過
</span>11 <span lang="ZH-TW">萬個</span> pageviews<span lang="ZH-TW">。 其中有</span>三十多<span lang="ZH-TW">篇文章,獲得了一份發行量不小的報刊,主動要求轉載。 此外,</span>2016<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>7<span lang="ZH-TW">月發表的「生理時鐘」、</span>2016<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-TW">月發表的「重力波」、以及</span>2017<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-TW">月發表的「行為經濟學」、均很巧地分別與 </span>2017<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW">月 頒布的諾貝爾醫學獎、物理獎、和經濟學獎的得獎主題,不謀而合。筆者將秉承以分享為樂的原則,繼續為大家服務。</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span> </span><span style="color: blue;"></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">請至右方 </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Archive</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">點選您有興趣的短文。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Archive</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把較早的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在下方<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">,也列在一個稱為「文章</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">。這個網頁的連結,位在右方「歡迎」網頁連結的下方</span>。</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;"></span><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Archive <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: magenta;">上所標示的</span><span style="color: magenta;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年份和月份,是為了要讓</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Archive <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: magenta;">能夠在同一個層次列出所有的文章,免得各位朋友還須要一層一層地去搜尋。</span> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: magenta;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">真正的發表日期,被標示在各篇文章頁面的最上方第二行</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">如有寶貴建言,歡迎至各該篇<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">文章</span>的下方留言,或是寄 </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">e-mail</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"> <span lang="ZH-CN">給我。根據 此一 <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: magenta;">部落格</span></span> 系統的規定程序,留言前請麻煩<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: magenta;">各位朋友</span></span>先至 </span>"</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">comment as</span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "arial"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">" </span></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">處填選<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: magenta;">您的簡單身份</span></span>。</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
<span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho54QAi1pYNnP38g3bBZ6giUQf6GZzCMfeDbFb2GwTLFd-kIWwxrifu1WTKN6jyvB1hQCKolv3MuUfC3pTnDPu8uITPVLy1guJRa6XCGhBUDVADHFZdOn4MTrLchR7nuiruLsPX2Zsil06/s1600/comment+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho54QAi1pYNnP38g3bBZ6giUQf6GZzCMfeDbFb2GwTLFd-kIWwxrifu1WTKN6jyvB1hQCKolv3MuUfC3pTnDPu8uITPVLy1guJRa6XCGhBUDVADHFZdOn4MTrLchR7nuiruLsPX2Zsil06/s640/comment+2.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: DFKai-SB;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="color: magenta;"> 4. <span lang="ZH-TW">如果您喜歡這個部落格,請至下列網頁按〝<span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span></span></span></span><span style="color: magenta;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">〞。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">謝謝!</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
</div>
<span style="color: magenta;">5. <span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">較早的三十多篇文章的標題及連結:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">閒語杜康</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">一</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8521.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8521.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">英語的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> Great Vowel Shift</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/great-vowel-shift.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/great-vowel-shift.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">"Monk" </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">這個字</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/monk.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/monk.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">字母〝</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">〞的故事</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/c.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/c.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">耶穌的名字和字母〝</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">J</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">〞的故事</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/j.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/j.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">七言絕句</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1390.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1390.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">大秦景教流行中國碑</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_756.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_756.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">調時差</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">牡丹和水仙</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5253.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5253.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">乳糖不適症</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> lactose intolerance</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_6883.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_6883.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">加州地質簡史</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> A Brief Geological History of
California</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1031.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1031.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lesbian </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">名稱的來源</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/lesbian.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/lesbian.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之一</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:初抵成都</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">及</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">酒店周邊</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之二</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:大熊貓繁育基地</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之三</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">都江堰</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4305.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4305.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之四</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:成都錦里</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">與</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">四川</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">民俗表演</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5041.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5041.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之五</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">黃龍—當碳酸鈣和水相遇的時候</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> <a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/for-briefdescription-in-english-please.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/for-briefdescription-in-english-please.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之六</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">黃龍—當碳酸鈣和水相遇的時候</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">下</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> <a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之七</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">九寨溝</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4668.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4668.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之八:九寨溝</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">中</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_9773.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_9773.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之九</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">:九寨溝</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">下</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2311.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2311.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">玄武岩之歌</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-21841381979021374292013-12-14T18:25:00.000-08:002018-08-18T00:04:10.425-07:00文章列表的第二頁<br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk513707624"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">由於右方的</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Archive </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">只能列出一百篇文章,所以我把其餘的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在下方。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="color: magenta; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">閒語杜康</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">一</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8521.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8521.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">英語的</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Great Vowel Shift</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/great-vowel-shift.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/great-vowel-shift.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">"Monk" </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">這個字</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/monk.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/monk.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">字母〝</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞的故事</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/c.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/c.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">耶穌的名字和字母〝</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">J</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞的故事</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/j.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/j.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">七言絕句</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1390.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1390.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">大秦景教流行中國碑</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_756.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_756.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">調時差</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">牡丹和水仙</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5253.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5253.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">乳糖不適症</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> lactose intolerance</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_6883.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_6883.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">加州地質簡史</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> A Brief Geological History of
California</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1031.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1031.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lesbian </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">名稱的來源</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/lesbian.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/lesbian.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之一</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:初抵成都</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">及</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">酒店周邊</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之二</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:大熊貓繁育基地</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之三</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">都江堰</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4305.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4305.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之四</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:成都錦里</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">與</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">四川</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">民俗表演</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5041.html"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_5041.html</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"></span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之五</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">黃龍—當碳酸鈣和水相遇的時候</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> <a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/for-briefdescription-in-english-please.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/for-briefdescription-in-english-please.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之六</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">黃龍—當碳酸鈣和水相遇的時候</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">下</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> <a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之七</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">九寨溝</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4668.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4668.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之八:九寨溝</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">中</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_9773.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_9773.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">川、湘之行隨筆之九</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:九寨溝</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">下</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2311.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2311.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">玄武岩之歌</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">酒精潮紅</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> alcoholic flush </span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_3.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_3.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk513707624;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
<br /> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-69498631276129165452013-12-13T18:40:00.000-08:002019-02-02T02:43:24.459-08:00南島語族的開疆擴土–來自台灣的歷史光榮 (上)<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Jan. 29, 2019</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></a></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJU2v-2eqMD_4qcrrN3RkXw-4GPmxxge9jti-3bqFPYXOqBeNvUVnsA3ZipioqlxFsNgKlSNK2G3zeXGj8bkb-7WI6mdtGPqMK6Xckz0_yqA88JY0k3z-JbWn5gLnIEZ5gIKE3gLZ5ncxH/s1600/IMG_2058+with+notes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1500" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJU2v-2eqMD_4qcrrN3RkXw-4GPmxxge9jti-3bqFPYXOqBeNvUVnsA3ZipioqlxFsNgKlSNK2G3zeXGj8bkb-7WI6mdtGPqMK6Xckz0_yqA88JY0k3z-JbWn5gLnIEZ5gIKE3gLZ5ncxH/s640/IMG_2058+with+notes.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">南島語族(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Austronesian</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">)是一個分布廣闊的語族,它西起靠近非洲的馬達加斯加島,東至太平洋中的夏威夷群島、復活節島、和紐西蘭,擁有將近四億的語言人口。所以過去不少國際學者們一直有興趣去探討這個語族是如何越過海洋,開拓出如此浩瀚的疆域的?特別是:他們來自何處呢?</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlBeP-wJLFE1lu5pDKK4DAI267-Z1rjXtglLhzKpuZXodNRg000K0dY97VGGTOZhXRArID_8omTDaoB152K74bwASKm-U_auNkx48ciUeEaPBGhsvLjcKfn6OjRlQZOSlIBRdY7QNFSHo/s1600/geographic+range+of+Austronesia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="1517" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBlBeP-wJLFE1lu5pDKK4DAI267-Z1rjXtglLhzKpuZXodNRg000K0dY97VGGTOZhXRArID_8omTDaoB152K74bwASKm-U_auNkx48ciUeEaPBGhsvLjcKfn6OjRlQZOSlIBRdY7QNFSHo/s640/geographic+range+of+Austronesia.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">國際語言學者早在十九世紀初,就已經開始認知到這個語族的龐大,但是其中包含的語言數目非常多,所以國際語言學者到二十世紀中葉,才將這個語族裡各個語言的關係,開始構建出一個雛形。到了二十世紀末葉,終於有國際語言學者,完成了這個語族的第一個「族譜」。他們發現:這個族譜最上層有九種語言,全部都在台灣,而且族譜的地理結構,大致是從台灣到菲律賓,再到印尼。然後分成兩支,一支西向至靠近非洲的馬達加斯加島,另一支則東向往新幾內亞、東加等地,最後抵達夏威夷、復活節島、和紐西蘭。第一份這樣的語言族譜,是在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 1990 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">年代,由夏威夷大學的語言學教授</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Robert Blust </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">發表的。</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPOlroOApJqN4PBDby3NJSjLcqONKRAhJUE7z9BXncSH4tH5qGmsCgaxBq72hnKoxQPlr-rT9g9SdJjCSlvBYTnVh1L73lNDcaxDanYrbWQf7Pf23vbK78wSv7dOPqjHcCx2_AHbdb7fHg/s1600/Austronesian+language+family+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="1432" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPOlroOApJqN4PBDby3NJSjLcqONKRAhJUE7z9BXncSH4tH5qGmsCgaxBq72hnKoxQPlr-rT9g9SdJjCSlvBYTnVh1L73lNDcaxDanYrbWQf7Pf23vbK78wSv7dOPqjHcCx2_AHbdb7fHg/s640/Austronesian+language+family+tree.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">在此同時,考古人類學家也發現:太平洋各個島嶼考古文物的最早時間,越往東則越晚。如果往西回溯,則也是回溯至台灣,得到和語言學相同的結論。這兩種不同學術探究方式結論的相符,導致大部分的學者都傾向接受「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Out of Taiwan Model</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">」,可是直到不久之前,還是有少數派學者持不同的意見,認為南島語族的源頭在中南半島。</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">20</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">21</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">世紀之交開始,解碼</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的技術漸趨成熟和普及,於是有些人類學者開始分析南島語族各地居民的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">,試圖解決上面所提的紛爭。他們用的是當今居民的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">,但是分析的結果並不容易對南島語族的發源地導出一個結論。最後在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2015 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">年左右,有學者從南島語族區域關鍵位置的兩個島上出土的四具兩千年以上的遺骸上,做了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的分析,終於解決了這個謎團,也為南島語族的開拓史,定下了相當有說服力的結論。這個結果,在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2016</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">年刊出,確認了台灣是廣闊南島語族的原鄉。發表這篇論文的研究團隊,是一個多國籍的團隊。由美國哈佛大學及歐洲</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Plank Institute </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">領軍。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqgo8g-7TBDpRG-3nnCkev9_jKRwhnBqAumgbv-qQfZOIwqejsZemJxFru7Yk4zedqIh4IHGG_fPV3AAF4OuX0vn2yDGO5FTf3i_xFytGUtotcn5g1YEronJQkcZ5BNBaNnm38eAH9ih7L/s1600/Maori+dance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1129" data-original-width="1500" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqgo8g-7TBDpRG-3nnCkev9_jKRwhnBqAumgbv-qQfZOIwqejsZemJxFru7Yk4zedqIh4IHGG_fPV3AAF4OuX0vn2yDGO5FTf3i_xFytGUtotcn5g1YEronJQkcZ5BNBaNnm38eAH9ih7L/s640/Maori+dance.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">南島語族所開拓的島嶼,並不都是原來荒無人跡的。譬如說,新幾內亞一帶,就散居了一些土著。不少人類學這些土著,是<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">數萬年前</span>沿著亞洲南緣持續不斷往東遷徙,最後抵達新幾內亞一帶。他們的語言相當分歧複雜,有數百種之多。他們的血緣也很分歧複雜,顯示他們離開非洲之後,之間並沒有甚麼交流融合,人類學家把這個複雜的群體,統稱為「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Papuan</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(巴布亞人)。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">他們的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> Y-</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">染色體,屬於</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> M </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">單倍群,而漢人及台灣的原住民,則都是屬於</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">O </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">單倍群。用遺傳分子時鐘的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">科技</span>來估計,這兩<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">個</span>單倍群大約在五萬年前分道揚鑣。</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Papuan</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">可能在兩、三萬年前,</span>就經由中南半島抵達了婆羅洲和新幾內亞一帶,有些還進入澳洲。他們在三千年前的文明,可能比當時新抵達的南島語族要低落些。而在南島語族區域裡,不少島嶼的現代居民,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">DNA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">裡都含有顯著的各式各樣</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Papuan</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">成分。所以較早時科學家分析這些</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">DNA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的結果,不但沒有幫助釐清南島語族發源地,反而讓情勢更混亂。後來有些學者開始嘗試去分析古代遺骸的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">DNA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,而不是現代居民的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">DNA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。在</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">2016</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年發表的研究裡,所用的四具古代遺骸,是出土於</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Vanuatu</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和「東加」這兩座島嶼上的。這兩座島嶼位於新幾內亞的東方,是在南島語族經過新幾內亞一帶之後,繼續向東開拓大洋洲的途中。這些遺骸,其中三具是在兩千七百年以上,另外一具則是在兩千三百年以上。學者分析的結果,發現他們的 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">DNA </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">完全屬於台灣的原住民系統,而沒有 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Papuan </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的成分。這個結果顯示出:數千年前逐島開拓遷移,發展出浩瀚的南島語族疆域的第一批人,的確是來自台灣的原住民,在一些島嶼上的 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Papuan </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">血緣<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span>是後來才融入的</span></span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">至此,語言學、考古學、及</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">血緣等三大領域的研究結果,都一致地支持南島語族的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Out of Taiwan Model</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">」。目前所發現的資訊所拼湊出來的圖像是:南島語族大約是在距今六千年前開始移入台灣<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(與著名的「仰韶文化」同時期,台灣觀音山旁的八里鄉,有一區「大坌坑遺址」,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">其中</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">有一個六千年的文化層,</span>可能就是他們的遺跡),然後在大約四千年前,其中一支離開台灣,向菲律賓及印尼方向開拓。到了印尼婆羅洲一帶之後,</span>,兵分二路,一支西向遷徙,最後抵達靠近非洲的馬達加斯加島。另外一支,則向東遷徙,於兩千多年前抵達斐濟島、東加島附近。在大約一千年前,他們又從斐濟島、東加島附近掀起第二波開拓潮。這次兵分三路,北向抵達了夏威夷群島,東向抵達了復活節島,南向則抵達了紐西蘭,完成了人類文明史上最大規模之一的開拓遷徙。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span> </div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9UoEu2vJXyTgTRd5-mlEQFboC-V5yHLoy7Bw2m_JfB3Uvrhh8o3aJAD4Jf3tVgI4iebQ06iS5ORCAl6sDsjCrasMCpSuuhWNkD_X-fCu-8R-6tTHJ_ZjYlc0ZulHZnA_Pye5ROGsl5eCJ/s1600/Austronesian+migration+path.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="763" data-original-width="1506" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9UoEu2vJXyTgTRd5-mlEQFboC-V5yHLoy7Bw2m_JfB3Uvrhh8o3aJAD4Jf3tVgI4iebQ06iS5ORCAl6sDsjCrasMCpSuuhWNkD_X-fCu-8R-6tTHJ_ZjYlc0ZulHZnA_Pye5ROGsl5eCJ/s640/Austronesian+migration+path.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">至少在到斐濟、東加附近為止的開拓遷徙,都是以從台灣出發的南島語族為先鋒,他們抵達當地數百年甚至上千年後,才有顯著數目的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Papuan</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">跟進並融入。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Papuan</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">至今融入南島語族的比例,各個島嶼並不相同,有些地方有蠻高的比例。有趣的是:不論</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Papuan</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">後來融入的比例有多高,各地區均仍舊使用南島語族帶來的語言。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Papuan</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">土著自己的語言,並沒有取代南島語族所帶來的語言,因而在許多島嶼上,產生了現今血緣和語言並不一致的獨特現象。這顯示出當時南島語族的文明比</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Papuan </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">要高,所以</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Papuan</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">融入之後,即使後來在人口上變成多數了,還是沿用著南島語族所帶來的語言。當然近幾百年來,歐、美國家的勢力進入南島語族地區,導致有些島嶼的官方語言變成歐、美的語言,那又是後話了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">南島語系的句法相當獨特,一般是把動詞放在句首,這在語言學上並不常見。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">世界上大部分的主要語言,</span>是把主詞放在句首。<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">下表是南島語系數個成員的幾個基本語彙,大致以距離台灣的遠近排列。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx-u_XDnAB0MdS8L4QiOkfeMLK0qPijtucH4AxewjCFS8QkzNktJhrgaBrL8cVtyGNijBTLO0QCFSZh1J9i27jQE0UC9FQ7I2zjq_DXBs0XuxHFws-PCCy8ecHfNrTiDicWcJ2sNolLL4e/s1600/vocabulary+comparison2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="990" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx-u_XDnAB0MdS8L4QiOkfeMLK0qPijtucH4AxewjCFS8QkzNktJhrgaBrL8cVtyGNijBTLO0QCFSZh1J9i27jQE0UC9FQ7I2zjq_DXBs0XuxHFws-PCCy8ecHfNrTiDicWcJ2sNolLL4e/s640/vocabulary+comparison2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">從台灣出發的南島語族在遷移時,從台灣帶去了小米及稻米的耕種技術、和一些植物及動物。其中值得一提的是一種和桑樹接近的「構樹」,它存在南島語族地區的許多島嶼上,科學家對它們</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的分析研究結果,發現它們源自台灣。由於構樹須要被人類移植,才能越洋傳播,所以在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2016</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">年科學家對古代人類</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的分析研究尚未發表之前,這個構樹</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的研究結果,成了支持南島語族源自台灣的另外一項有力證據。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">我並非原住民,所以南島語族並非我的族群。可是因為台灣也是我生長的地方,所以我不會因為「非我族群情結」,而對台灣原住民的這項歷史光榮,有少半分的珍惜。在眾多的科學及人文學領域當中,能讓國際<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">學術</span>論文不斷地提到「來自台灣」字句的,「南島語族的開拓遷徙」是少數的課題之一。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-34282280717332123412013-12-13T18:35:00.000-08:002018-12-19T14:58:56.808-08:00愛琴海之旅 (三十) 伊斯坦堡Istanbul (六) — 藍色清真寺 <span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Dec. 19, 2018 </span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></a></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvhGBkKbzTWYVJkfynW_Vt3t0r3SZ36zYoZ4VeZJXzVrxHvQgHjjMy5grjpcrZ-fO_N5eqWdlUAy3koXz5Dux3y7O9_PC7ibH4A5bA2HJ8Q5FD-wk3lZL_dH464yTinYsmUkyvVqMUi6E2/s1600/IMG_4199+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1500" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvhGBkKbzTWYVJkfynW_Vt3t0r3SZ36zYoZ4VeZJXzVrxHvQgHjjMy5grjpcrZ-fO_N5eqWdlUAy3koXz5Dux3y7O9_PC7ibH4A5bA2HJ8Q5FD-wk3lZL_dH464yTinYsmUkyvVqMUi6E2/s640/IMG_4199+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">伊斯坦堡曾經成為回教世界的重心達數百年,所以很自然地蓄積了很大數目(></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">3000</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)的清真寺。這些清真寺各有其不同的風采,而其中最膾炙人口的,莫過於膩名為「藍色清真寺」的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」了。顧名思義,這一座清真寺是蘇丹</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ahmed I </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">下令建造的。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ahmed
I </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的在位期間是西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1603-1617
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,他即位時才</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 13 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">歲。當時距離鄂圖曼帝國的巔峰</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">蘇理曼大帝時期,已經有五十年,國力已經不再穩定增長,甚至偶有衰退的現象,與波斯戰爭的挫敗,就是一個例子。在這種情況之下,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ahmed
I </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">還執意要蓋一座富麗堂皇的清真寺,曾經引起一些非議。不過這也反應出這一座清真寺的美術價值。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA89i64kcAEbho9UE1wL4YuwkjXT5WQB79-MmjllvpPcdp-r9mI4OtOmsUt7mAhmJ7ooqB3tp22X-8sp-8SWGWxUwk45_ZYVz3E9vR12-jJ1ZL2Izt1CC8sZx9_3S851saNnAXvTgj0BA9/s1600/IMG_4516+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="1510" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA89i64kcAEbho9UE1wL4YuwkjXT5WQB79-MmjllvpPcdp-r9mI4OtOmsUt7mAhmJ7ooqB3tp22X-8sp-8SWGWxUwk45_ZYVz3E9vR12-jJ1ZL2Izt1CC8sZx9_3S851saNnAXvTgj0BA9/s640/IMG_4516+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">鄂圖曼皇室本來有一個殘酷的歷史傳統,那就是一個新王即位時,其兄弟全部會被勒死,以免產生爭皇位的內戰。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ahmed
I </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是第一位停止這個傳統的蘇丹,算是對鄂圖曼帝國歷史的一個重要改變。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">基於對拜占庭文化的仰慕,鄂圖曼帝國前兩百年的主要清真寺的建築形式,都深受</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">教堂的影響,一直到藍色清真寺還是如此。譬如說,藍色清真寺的平面設計還是大致方形,而其屋頂架構也是一個中央大圓頂,被周邊的較小圓頂或是部分圓頂拱繞著。甚至圓頂基部的透光小窗,用得比</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia
Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">還要徹底。</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9dAr0AKLeovmQP-RhmDbX3rbLTpOMtJ1Qe-ksD-VrUIjjrmtWFR_irASa-hLBogVm2FzzdzVkPiP5Vh7j4JCJMZ2r1XNwxEqzUzXTJr1esXqjhtCkb_768rMjh5asB6P7xpwHMvn81AtK/s1600/top+view+of+Blue+Mosque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1012" data-original-width="1509" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9dAr0AKLeovmQP-RhmDbX3rbLTpOMtJ1Qe-ksD-VrUIjjrmtWFR_irASa-hLBogVm2FzzdzVkPiP5Vh7j4JCJMZ2r1XNwxEqzUzXTJr1esXqjhtCkb_768rMjh5asB6P7xpwHMvn81AtK/s640/top+view+of+Blue+Mosque.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7AS9W57QQoGJ1WvPUBC8yHeQcUP_Um3O9tP7YAM0dHmJfXNGDmyHtmD-NNGUyWAfyVp3KiokigGQP1sJtAXwd8fGez0y5b4nXISNXnpF3uyiCIJXgL9-XnZAHRD84Fa_H23wOwFqlCyl/s1600/IMG_2321+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="1502" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7AS9W57QQoGJ1WvPUBC8yHeQcUP_Um3O9tP7YAM0dHmJfXNGDmyHtmD-NNGUyWAfyVp3KiokigGQP1sJtAXwd8fGez0y5b4nXISNXnpF3uyiCIJXgL9-XnZAHRD84Fa_H23wOwFqlCyl/s640/IMG_2321+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">不過鄂圖曼清真寺,也非對拜占庭建築形式全盤接收。譬如說:其內部的陳設與裝飾,就與拜占庭建築很不相同。此外,伊斯蘭教帶來的自然觀,讓鄂圖曼的清真寺大多附有一個庭園(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">courtyard</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),而這個庭園隨著建築年代逐漸擴大,到了藍色清真寺時,已經和室內空間大小相當了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw8XgrKaBlV3c1bm-kQmL4mW0OKpeFLjVFuPzA3nTBTluj0KAI0MQqS0K4XbxRReSXjs5EVHvPmFQVpgsupxgaQP7KPNXyxsBDFt_dl74imh60a69mvGBNH8q-h2SfYZ1hf6j8-JQr2FoU/s1600/IMG_4420+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1506" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw8XgrKaBlV3c1bm-kQmL4mW0OKpeFLjVFuPzA3nTBTluj0KAI0MQqS0K4XbxRReSXjs5EVHvPmFQVpgsupxgaQP7KPNXyxsBDFt_dl74imh60a69mvGBNH8q-h2SfYZ1hf6j8-JQr2FoU/s640/IMG_4420+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUNSN5NAq93R58rAbHUc8M-x3rYDnUOcteOPYUP49o7o4UhehQU6z2aBCTUGtyc2Xntfuo2OmPM0gPZJGGNKp3s3AhQrP_YTovmI7VTVw7zcD1qpQiyvgs-2Hnu5TDRei1FtnrBb3IgomZ/s1600/IMG_4429+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1015" data-original-width="1501" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUNSN5NAq93R58rAbHUc8M-x3rYDnUOcteOPYUP49o7o4UhehQU6z2aBCTUGtyc2Xntfuo2OmPM0gPZJGGNKp3s3AhQrP_YTovmI7VTVw7zcD1qpQiyvgs-2Hnu5TDRei1FtnrBb3IgomZ/s640/IMG_4429+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">鄂圖曼建築繼承了拜占庭建築對圓頂的喜好,而且青出於藍。像藍色清真寺,光是主建築就有一個大圓頂,四個大的半圓頂,和八個次大的半圓頂或四分之一圓頂,疊成了三個層次的架構。而其庭園的迴廊,更頂了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">32 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">個小的圓頂,連綿地排成四方形。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglQNNFA_W_TRlsPrUp86RCiGFunZh6E70R9_wTIUKvirAOTgpFlJkbaw20czuIVsnqqEQffAf7PUX7pKTXnYhpdDaR9uLfOlfHTOCXzJKOsyOG8651TRImCCnOKbhl1CT0nCCvq7W9y2pc/s1600/IMG_2298+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1505" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglQNNFA_W_TRlsPrUp86RCiGFunZh6E70R9_wTIUKvirAOTgpFlJkbaw20czuIVsnqqEQffAf7PUX7pKTXnYhpdDaR9uLfOlfHTOCXzJKOsyOG8651TRImCCnOKbhl1CT0nCCvq7W9y2pc/s640/IMG_2298+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTTNlB2proPlpN_etbeO08ExqirY6U34LrM37T40iICr4ukDwdB_B2ZKJHTk6F55m4XDsNmI9YEqQUAI-5DqmX5dtlQw7NAXaMxtUPOiHpZ4RfCK5jsyF57cbxF5AzpZSqZ_2wq0_BRYia/s1600/IMG_2307+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1501" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTTNlB2proPlpN_etbeO08ExqirY6U34LrM37T40iICr4ukDwdB_B2ZKJHTk6F55m4XDsNmI9YEqQUAI-5DqmX5dtlQw7NAXaMxtUPOiHpZ4RfCK5jsyF57cbxF5AzpZSqZ_2wq0_BRYia/s640/IMG_2307+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">清真寺的高塔(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">minaret</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)數目,大致反應出該清真寺的地位。在藍色清真寺之前,回教世界裡只有最神聖的「麥加大清真寺」有六座高塔。所以當藍色清真寺也建有六座高塔時,引起了不少回教領袖的不滿。為了平息眾怒,蘇丹</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ahmed
I </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">趕緊派人去替麥加大清真寺加建了第七座高塔。另外,高塔上露台的數目,也代表其重要性。藍色清真寺的六座高塔,其中鄰接建築主體的那四座,各有三層露台。而位於庭園角落的那兩座,則各有兩層露台。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibT-5xWKwQd0DRG11nz_2kfT8tOhg2-mBVh2v-9_w8mcx86oUlusL_MetHzXVyqBfDNZxJys8rAjbqADs5mBZkbjlFBkkCxFf5u-jOT4ViQTASIC-g0lyBfCPLnzbjx9UIZAAU7wrY2u1B/s1600/IMG_3985+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1505" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibT-5xWKwQd0DRG11nz_2kfT8tOhg2-mBVh2v-9_w8mcx86oUlusL_MetHzXVyqBfDNZxJys8rAjbqADs5mBZkbjlFBkkCxFf5u-jOT4ViQTASIC-g0lyBfCPLnzbjx9UIZAAU7wrY2u1B/s640/IMG_3985+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieZKJv_y4Va389S7d0849-FzGxEgjm01u_uqqamvhY0d_J8lOCTrXQvucZ_4fEsu1puRzWGFahT_-asU2EiH0G5am5G_tfu7mImdbZaWd9wzUmHW_IbzI_ZrYMMMKgnwCrgnaNDFi5eEeh/s1600/IMG_4442+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1134" data-original-width="722" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieZKJv_y4Va389S7d0849-FzGxEgjm01u_uqqamvhY0d_J8lOCTrXQvucZ_4fEsu1puRzWGFahT_-asU2EiH0G5am5G_tfu7mImdbZaWd9wzUmHW_IbzI_ZrYMMMKgnwCrgnaNDFi5eEeh/s640/IMG_4442+r+trim+level.jpg" width="406" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtmMrLolE7N17_Ra7eVIp5KAaPQRxoP9dO-3MVuT9PInvgJQ1aJuRGqQEIlq-XEvRHTi61oKMOrCaFC0iC9uxVdJCyCpeD4RwNRlhia5o0ORFjtV5IEvsewrzf288d2GdvxQhPFzfzuYyt/s1600/IMG_2278+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1016" data-original-width="1508" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtmMrLolE7N17_Ra7eVIp5KAaPQRxoP9dO-3MVuT9PInvgJQ1aJuRGqQEIlq-XEvRHTi61oKMOrCaFC0iC9uxVdJCyCpeD4RwNRlhia5o0ORFjtV5IEvsewrzf288d2GdvxQhPFzfzuYyt/s640/IMG_2278+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雖說依回教建築的傳統,清真寺內部要儘量騰出淨空,但是藍色清真寺的內部,還是有四根大柱子,而且還刻意加粗,有人形容像是象腿。據說這四根大柱子,是用來象徵穆罕默德之後的四位哈里發(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Caliph</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),環繞支撐著象徵穆罕默德的中央大圓頂。清真寺內部牆面的較低部分,及這四根柱面,是用超過兩萬塊的藍色色調磁磚來裝飾。這些有許多不同花飾的磁磚,都來自一個位於伊斯坦堡西南約一百公里,叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Iznik
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」的城鎮。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMHpfjA2k-B2ln9KamywfSPX2F44Wejrp2YJf9A7M51RgXdSwCtNyv6YY1aRRg045_omPMZ6MI1Dk_hHYNAdFT-jTkpTLvhHCvmDoSzTdThQ24jjsLlNC13-mdjaWhz5pLbsJmIJs6BULH/s1600/IMG_4470+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="1512" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMHpfjA2k-B2ln9KamywfSPX2F44Wejrp2YJf9A7M51RgXdSwCtNyv6YY1aRRg045_omPMZ6MI1Dk_hHYNAdFT-jTkpTLvhHCvmDoSzTdThQ24jjsLlNC13-mdjaWhz5pLbsJmIJs6BULH/s640/IMG_4470+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0elNREqI8Td3zJ9CuE9fUfNb1GMacbp0qQfkvQjW_oglCFZpnkgSqVnKPrqHVFbvD4_I_NOzqLlZrBxopg_KV8I_XhQsSmFRZER7O6BCCGrsTl_RhBuqXKZmSg7nONX6F_jM_aTqSlYe/s1600/IMG_4467+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="754" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0elNREqI8Td3zJ9CuE9fUfNb1GMacbp0qQfkvQjW_oglCFZpnkgSqVnKPrqHVFbvD4_I_NOzqLlZrBxopg_KV8I_XhQsSmFRZER7O6BCCGrsTl_RhBuqXKZmSg7nONX6F_jM_aTqSlYe/s640/IMG_4467+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwaXzldr2IFGFfR-zZc_b1OIhpVcMFZm3P12K50Hu3OBCx59CaE9v5SJS6KUSsa21_eSln6V2RH2jHviNhyaiHFNRUrRnobHazpfsWE8KjCeIDG2yaiZaQX4j2WEm-UWy2EaPwlnmc009/s1600/IMG_4502+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1145" data-original-width="754" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwaXzldr2IFGFfR-zZc_b1OIhpVcMFZm3P12K50Hu3OBCx59CaE9v5SJS6KUSsa21_eSln6V2RH2jHviNhyaiHFNRUrRnobHazpfsWE8KjCeIDG2yaiZaQX4j2WEm-UWy2EaPwlnmc009/s640/IMG_4502+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Iznik </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的古地名叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Nicaea</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,是基督教(包括新教、羅馬公教、和希臘正教)歷史上一個很重要的地方。在基督教的早期幾百年,各地區信徒的基本信念之間,有很大的歧異。譬如說:聖父和聖子到底是同一體?還是不同體?耶穌是神?是人?是各為一半?還是皆為百分之百?……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">等等,眾說紛紜。羅馬帝國的君士坦丁大帝在將基督教合法化之後,為了統一這些歧見,在西元</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">325 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年把各地區的主教召集到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Nicaea
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">開會。雖然會中還是有不少爭議,會後君士坦丁大帝所支持的教派,依然發布了「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Nicene
Creed</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(尼西亞信經),將「三一論」等等信念立為主流派,至今仍然是許多基督教派的中心信仰。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">藍色清真寺的內部的較高部分,特別是圓頂的內面,則布滿了細緻的彩繪。其選用的赭、藍色系,讓這些彩繪增添了不少典雅的風華。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWzrOnTIVkb-FusNwUMMVKCOgG0Pz2uOgC7q6Q2G6Xhl_PtkpH02Vmzem7nP9OGBCgR3rfVQCoHXLY-9m4L3b3OIFkS6DLYSI2TmP_m8aHRSAlb0uh0jlHKm_Eh_m1ESMdHQBr8VDTgdwi/s1600/IMG_4472+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWzrOnTIVkb-FusNwUMMVKCOgG0Pz2uOgC7q6Q2G6Xhl_PtkpH02Vmzem7nP9OGBCgR3rfVQCoHXLY-9m4L3b3OIFkS6DLYSI2TmP_m8aHRSAlb0uh0jlHKm_Eh_m1ESMdHQBr8VDTgdwi/s640/IMG_4472+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigItHzuPPAYaccX7QgUmaHGQduxF7aYGqEAUY4nm0mZM8Q1hGuwLUkcDTQUh2Y24-70s6NRAmzSiZVAj2XOuytQRYuPscMBS6F1GfE7PJ3ibDYh7ZBqwet3VJB7aJe03t7ELq8twHjCGpJ/s1600/IMG_4469+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1031" data-original-width="1510" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigItHzuPPAYaccX7QgUmaHGQduxF7aYGqEAUY4nm0mZM8Q1hGuwLUkcDTQUh2Y24-70s6NRAmzSiZVAj2XOuytQRYuPscMBS6F1GfE7PJ3ibDYh7ZBqwet3VJB7aJe03t7ELq8twHjCGpJ/s640/IMG_4469+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK2XGD3XZ7dv_d_VaZRFg7i3HzcYzoOCHnb8-UeupY_yK8VbFN0afRN6SBwRdRUIShvHaEiMbMlJM9eJFi_dT8E5-tvscrqd50wuj6zGe8IFejEgehqpT0DqEPoq3DDnXZyG_YgSZOcobY/s1600/IMG_4478+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1009" data-original-width="1505" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK2XGD3XZ7dv_d_VaZRFg7i3HzcYzoOCHnb8-UeupY_yK8VbFN0afRN6SBwRdRUIShvHaEiMbMlJM9eJFi_dT8E5-tvscrqd50wuj6zGe8IFejEgehqpT0DqEPoq3DDnXZyG_YgSZOcobY/s640/IMG_4478+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在前面幾篇和大家分享過,清真寺裡面都有一個壁龕,叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mihrab</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,是代表麥加的方向。藍色清真寺的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mihrab
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">極為華麗,龕位的內上方及牆面的較高處布,都滿了細緻的金箔鑲飾。其更上方及左右的鑲嵌玻璃窗,亦是美輪美奐。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBCkjYT9g1CC0NwpAK1xuM8Qm_DhcQUBZ42OnHu5CcIwM2QH1agnLSGWGzwLQ3qiSw32KN_d_xFkxBFYtY0rjRineS7h2lZbEIvIaImv7RY6B-gdjaWCT0QH0CFfXjYWPX9nzNqs3It_jO/s1600/IMG_4485+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1141" data-original-width="754" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBCkjYT9g1CC0NwpAK1xuM8Qm_DhcQUBZ42OnHu5CcIwM2QH1agnLSGWGzwLQ3qiSw32KN_d_xFkxBFYtY0rjRineS7h2lZbEIvIaImv7RY6B-gdjaWCT0QH0CFfXjYWPX9nzNqs3It_jO/s640/IMG_4485+trim+level.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNdjXMuvnvmqfH_nrTaca6tGfGCU1xR7zn-sOhkiF1olKfBq1kehOwrLRRitvuvP53Z9_fQ6HOwQ4HX4tjXheyEfSilJ2rAxIPWcj9f6bBeyEgPZcS7DT13_3ZY0o8IBCiHeLEJefdfWJV/s1600/IMG_4466+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1141" data-original-width="754" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNdjXMuvnvmqfH_nrTaca6tGfGCU1xR7zn-sOhkiF1olKfBq1kehOwrLRRitvuvP53Z9_fQ6HOwQ4HX4tjXheyEfSilJ2rAxIPWcj9f6bBeyEgPZcS7DT13_3ZY0o8IBCiHeLEJefdfWJV/s640/IMG_4466+level.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">藍色清真寺的建造者,似乎相當喜歡鐘乳石狀的雕飾,許多內上方的空間,都布滿了鐘乳石狀的雕飾。這包括了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mihrab</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、一些入口的門廊、高塔露台的底部、和許多圓拱之間的三角地帶,建築學上稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pendentive</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」的部分。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLpWirLgaSh8Q1-F4S5b2QqS8UYgbXk3GSnqhyhQJsUIopKSCH534hxTSIzodgValAa1uOvh9F7Rvs2HlT6bfwZdNYOsOwemfhNyVni2_tAU3yDi0an2qF8J_AF03KqU7cluQx38ReE27s/s1600/IMG_4497+level+with+circle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1018" data-original-width="1515" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLpWirLgaSh8Q1-F4S5b2QqS8UYgbXk3GSnqhyhQJsUIopKSCH534hxTSIzodgValAa1uOvh9F7Rvs2HlT6bfwZdNYOsOwemfhNyVni2_tAU3yDi0an2qF8J_AF03KqU7cluQx38ReE27s/s640/IMG_4497+level+with+circle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy0RXnCfgvgZS-Vv7SddkhxIWT6jaSDY7CbUhxqvkV_pYqxAKFz-jzJ1PL_hqyC8QdFyr0FztUkl1h3znrYmLtG7ZcUlsJ7jUsruj-9txuwfjyNWiDKfq7GSAk9Np9WVsjmtZd-eVgrMcJ/s1600/IMG_4553+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1143" data-original-width="758" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy0RXnCfgvgZS-Vv7SddkhxIWT6jaSDY7CbUhxqvkV_pYqxAKFz-jzJ1PL_hqyC8QdFyr0FztUkl1h3znrYmLtG7ZcUlsJ7jUsruj-9txuwfjyNWiDKfq7GSAk9Np9WVsjmtZd-eVgrMcJ/s640/IMG_4553+level.jpg" width="424" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXf-lfNFLWanBLF0wh2Vn_M0o4aHKw8uXFoQIGd3WFGf8Rx41SI3pc2yD26vGTygbbTx7niogOsPrnjPYRu0IR7ky9DnRe1pHlTfi50O_MeSgC43icNTdVLYUPzn7m3XqnsSvLArwIVLS/s1600/IMG_4526+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1512" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXf-lfNFLWanBLF0wh2Vn_M0o4aHKw8uXFoQIGd3WFGf8Rx41SI3pc2yD26vGTygbbTx7niogOsPrnjPYRu0IR7ky9DnRe1pHlTfi50O_MeSgC43icNTdVLYUPzn7m3XqnsSvLArwIVLS/s640/IMG_4526+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">書法的雕寫,是回教美術裡重要的一環,藍色清真寺也不例外。不過藍色清真寺裡的書法雕寫,經常置身於大柱的柱圍、不少圓頂的頂部、中央圓頂的基部、及一些圓拱之間的三角地帶,因而隱沒在周圍的彩飾之間,所以非回教徒的遊客,常常會視而不見。可是對回教徒來說,它們還是明顯而重要的。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd2e0YcwZhK733kpRMRl0k0RJr9JcZF78SlBpJ8M_5R7-mmJ8eBliqqDSkTkXNSIdTlfNX_-f1HMw9idJIWftVvzHXm4Q29myhWUTp4QV7Mw4oHBnF6LVpw0MqSkWYpuwKBL2LIkiBxMxW/s1600/IMG_4480+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1500" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd2e0YcwZhK733kpRMRl0k0RJr9JcZF78SlBpJ8M_5R7-mmJ8eBliqqDSkTkXNSIdTlfNX_-f1HMw9idJIWftVvzHXm4Q29myhWUTp4QV7Mw4oHBnF6LVpw0MqSkWYpuwKBL2LIkiBxMxW/s640/IMG_4480+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span><br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8iaNZyIQ0DgzuCDvD2hQ8-Bhex-3A27anf0Pukzk7jAx0egnGkrIGCwDoNi6H-M8XmlSQ15RhTAqXIIsNJIQaUCe9WGYe6WJg93GQf4bWks6Um92Lg2T2kXXShyphenhyphenQZgv2HOjcsWe_YHTKR/s1600/IMG_4507+level+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1147" data-original-width="1500" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8iaNZyIQ0DgzuCDvD2hQ8-Bhex-3A27anf0Pukzk7jAx0egnGkrIGCwDoNi6H-M8XmlSQ15RhTAqXIIsNJIQaUCe9WGYe6WJg93GQf4bWks6Um92Lg2T2kXXShyphenhyphenQZgv2HOjcsWe_YHTKR/s640/IMG_4507+level+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNQMrApUoVdAQf9_ed74odW5V3bDcmi1jiSzwrM3u5_voLizTMTS_VwY9v4LeUHoeeiuL8S5F5mgzgif3uLSMB2lwg8GG8dxeCP0a4VCudPzReP5pXwUgW5zkC1lcslrXtBbempABn42fl/s1600/IMG_4463+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1145" data-original-width="754" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNQMrApUoVdAQf9_ed74odW5V3bDcmi1jiSzwrM3u5_voLizTMTS_VwY9v4LeUHoeeiuL8S5F5mgzgif3uLSMB2lwg8GG8dxeCP0a4VCudPzReP5pXwUgW5zkC1lcslrXtBbempABn42fl/s640/IMG_4463+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU3VCX74r9fgqH-wj0RtUBUgDQi_oeoeBL7JS0eybQ3d67qPAA4I3DNE3nPeLp7jdcjMVi8gPyiTROCaudbSXE1boCtwK094xpDVEmgnNu91fL8BMvOpTFf4gBe7hgJsy_c7xWnIzlxGPD/s1600/IMG_4539+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1128" data-original-width="722" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU3VCX74r9fgqH-wj0RtUBUgDQi_oeoeBL7JS0eybQ3d67qPAA4I3DNE3nPeLp7jdcjMVi8gPyiTROCaudbSXE1boCtwK094xpDVEmgnNu91fL8BMvOpTFf4gBe7hgJsy_c7xWnIzlxGPD/s640/IMG_4539+r+trim+level.jpg" width="408" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6j7HYyJonMxl65Oxli9pJJAH0wg-M-jMsvO4sOydsjhh2p07pBd2gBXJCKiolBU8rwHqDGIbKGO303oJS6ND9gb1CTlrAebocDvIAWagmdJQZINTzFHFvoc9i2f1Ja4KJ7DnCT3IV7xeY/s1600/IMG_4514+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1518" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6j7HYyJonMxl65Oxli9pJJAH0wg-M-jMsvO4sOydsjhh2p07pBd2gBXJCKiolBU8rwHqDGIbKGO303oJS6ND9gb1CTlrAebocDvIAWagmdJQZINTzFHFvoc9i2f1Ja4KJ7DnCT3IV7xeY/s640/IMG_4514+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">人類對宗教的奉獻力量是很令人讚嘆的,最美麗的創作經常由此而生。雖然藍色清真寺是伊斯坦堡最膾炙人口的清真寺,但是達到類似層級的美術價值的伊斯坦堡清真寺,卻還為數不少。譬如說</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Süleymaniye
Mosque</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Yeni Camii (New Mosque) </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Rüstem Pasha </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">……等等,都值得朋友們去探索。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNz-lHejA5L68_irGg67uRC3QBZhuC281MEq3gn2I_rzfbWmOsmTghDNQfjuJ219aDhPapd6B6JOv1qYYHBwlGBPhuPU_GTjgygoceeciqXbNS8Uslbnqk8IIUpH3yz5n_9Ank8Z8kjoNc/s1600/IMG_2875+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1009" data-original-width="1501" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNz-lHejA5L68_irGg67uRC3QBZhuC281MEq3gn2I_rzfbWmOsmTghDNQfjuJ219aDhPapd6B6JOv1qYYHBwlGBPhuPU_GTjgygoceeciqXbNS8Uslbnqk8IIUpH3yz5n_9Ank8Z8kjoNc/s640/IMG_2875+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html </span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
</div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-66878626364065678112013-12-13T18:30:00.000-08:002018-09-20T15:11:24.866-07:00腦神經退化機制的新發現<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Sept 19, 2018 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></a></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy9OvN_mFvueGBRdSrmsQ51dytYQUuKbqju1WWDoGb2qQoUhW_TxsmPp4p9NiEu7sgr6IrQcSzwj9OpX2njCUq-WDHZ8nKNawih-Ja5huJuOlQcoOnR9srUQJ7-65k1ct9OGCeO-hCbeu4/s1600/cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="747" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy9OvN_mFvueGBRdSrmsQ51dytYQUuKbqju1WWDoGb2qQoUhW_TxsmPp4p9NiEu7sgr6IrQcSzwj9OpX2njCUq-WDHZ8nKNawih-Ja5huJuOlQcoOnR9srUQJ7-65k1ct9OGCeO-hCbeu4/s400/cover.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">從二十到二十一世紀,幾種腦神經退化疾病的曝光率越來越高,它們包括了</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Alzheimer’s Disease</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(阿茲海默症)、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Parkinson’s Disease</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(帕金森氏症)、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Multiple
Sclerosis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(多發性硬化症)、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(漸凍人症)……等等,它們所造成的社會成本也越來越高。不幸的是,醫學界對它們還是停留在治療「果」的階段,對它們的根本成因,還並沒有突破性的發現。(像解剖所發現的腦組織萎縮、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Amyloid</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(類澱粉蛋白)沉積而形成</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Senile Plaque </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(老年斑)……等等,都還只能算是「果」,而不是「因」。)不過,前幾年在史丹佛大學等少數研究團隊,開始對這些腦神經退化的基本成因,有了一些突破性的發現之後,這幾年這方面的研究團隊的數目大增,對上述疾病的治療與預防,注入了不少新希望,可是大眾化的科學刊物還不太跟得上腳步,所以我想很值得把這些新資訊和大家分享。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">大腦裡資訊處理的基本單位,是神經細胞,亦稱「神經元」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Neuron</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">)。神經元有幾種型態,最常見的是這裡第一張附圖顯示的「多極型」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">multipolar type</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">)。它的細胞本體邊緣,有許多「樹狀突」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dendrite</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">),用來接收別個神經元傳來的訊號。它還有一條長長的「軸突」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">axon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">),用來傳遞訊號到別個神經元。輸入訊號與輸出訊號之間的關係,主要是經由在細胞本體附近發生的相當複雜的電化學反應。其特性要比現今電腦裡的訊號基本處理單元——電晶體的特性複雜得多。進年來的「人工智慧」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">AI</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">)的基本單元,有一部分就在模擬神經元的特性。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAnMmZzuuwRjqH4s6zNoLSz7HK0JtQgZVKdr5aCFlwAqD8R2svjGPQItj_fxce0MvssmEZNIrKRosy9NDxKFWLaMGvE6J3KaPcIa3NxRYgaoWGqhT3dwoyZ_2f-8_gqz86Zy9EM0xBfYn5/s1600/neuron.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="572" data-original-width="846" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAnMmZzuuwRjqH4s6zNoLSz7HK0JtQgZVKdr5aCFlwAqD8R2svjGPQItj_fxce0MvssmEZNIrKRosy9NDxKFWLaMGvE6J3KaPcIa3NxRYgaoWGqhT3dwoyZ_2f-8_gqz86Zy9EM0xBfYn5/s400/neuron.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">許多人都以為大腦中主要是神經元,其實神經元在大腦中只佔了大約</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">10% </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">的空間,還有其它數種不同的細胞,它們被統稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Neuroglia Cell</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">」、或簡稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Glia Cell</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">」,中文裡常見的翻譯是「神經膠質細胞」。不過這裡的「膠質」,只是比喻的用法。事實上,這些細胞並不會產生膠質。</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">主要的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Glia Cell </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">有三種,我在第二張附圖中把它們標了出來。它們包括了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Astrocyte</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(星狀細胞)、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oligodendrocyte</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(寡樹突細胞)、和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(微膠質細胞)。較早時,科學家覺得它們好像沒有扮演甚麼重要的角色,而把它們視為大腦填充物。近年來逐漸發現它們扮演了不少維護神經元正常運作的功能。譬如說:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Astrocyte</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(星狀細胞)是組成「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Blood-Brain Barrier</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">」(血–腦屏障)的重要一環,來阻擋血液中的某些化學物質接近神經元,而影響其功能。它們也負責調節腦中化學物質(包括神經傳導物質)的再循環,以維持大腦中的化學平衡及穩定。而</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oligodendrocyte</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(寡樹突細胞)的角色也很有趣:它們的細胞突,會特化成扁狀的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> myelin</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">膜,包裹在神經元軸突(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">axon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">)的外圍,形成</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">myelin sheath </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">myelin </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">鞘膜),來增加軸突訊號的傳導速度,並減少訊號干擾。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">myelin</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">鞘膜的存在,對神經系統的正常運作很重要。像「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Multiple Sclerosis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">」(多發性硬化症)的解剖症狀,就是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">myelin</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">鞘膜的消失。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">myelin</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">一字,經常被翻譯成「髓磷脂」,但是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">myelin</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">的主要成份是「半乳糖腦苷脂」和蛋白質,而非「磷脂」,所以我還是使用原文</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">myelin</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">。)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjzZmCu7L8EkPa_BNZ4PE8h06DE5X3eqXgOZ9on1DzqoYal2ZydxzC7q1Na1l7ehhDOTCewLtcA6oGScuJcvUFTj4lAhQfUE_bdqrIonjgKapny3dox89I4dnP4uDcrngPg4nGwgZxfUmJ/s1600/brain+cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="764" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjzZmCu7L8EkPa_BNZ4PE8h06DE5X3eqXgOZ9on1DzqoYal2ZydxzC7q1Na1l7ehhDOTCewLtcA6oGScuJcvUFTj4lAhQfUE_bdqrIonjgKapny3dox89I4dnP4uDcrngPg4nGwgZxfUmJ/s640/brain+cell.jpg" width="424" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(微膠質細胞)的角色就更重要了,它們是大腦中免疫系統的第一線尖兵。(我們腦部外的身體內有幾種免疫細胞,通常不會靠近腦神經元。)它們平時駐留在大腦各地,用長觸鬚來不斷監視附近的生化狀況。一發現有外物侵入,就會進入激活狀態,快速地變形以便擠過狹縫迅速到達現場,進行吞噬入侵外物,同時發出免疫化學訊號,來召喚身體內的某些免疫細胞,加入消滅外物的戰鬥。而且,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">也負責清除死亡的神經元、及其他細胞的遺骸。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">的另外一個重要角色,是在大腦發展的過程中,負責切斷很少被用到的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Synapses</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(神經元接點)。這種修剪活動,在一、兩歲時,及青春期最為旺盛。有趣的是:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">在破壞吞噬這些被解雇的神經元接點時,並不會像在吞嗜外物時那樣,去發出一些免疫化學訊號來大規模動員身體的免疫系統,以免大動干戈,誤傷無辜。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"> 在十多年前,史丹佛大學的一位研究</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Glia Cell </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">的先驅、神經生物學教授</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Ben Barres </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">的研究團隊發現:在一些腦神經退化疾病的病人中,本來應該是維護神經系統的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">,似乎有嫌疑去不必要地吞噬神經元接點。這個線索引起這個團隊及其他研究團隊的進一步深入研究,最近幾年來投入的研究團隊更是大幅度地增加。他們的研究結果,不但確認了在這些腦神經退化疾病中,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">不恰當地大量吞噬神經元接點,而且發現這個現象,牽涉到大腦中免疫系統,包含 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">本身,長期不恰當地保持在動員狀態,連 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Astrocyte</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(星狀細胞)都牽涉其中,與 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">狼狽為奸。同樣重要的是:這樣的神經元接點喪失過程,在認知能力、記憶力受損的徵狀顯現之前很久(十年以上),就已經開始了。這個發現,提供了早期預防認知能力和記憶力喪失的可行性。</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">雖然大腦中免疫系統,長期不恰當地保持在動員狀態,是一個相當複雜的過程,許多細節還尚待科學界進一步的研究去釐清,可是到目前為止的研究結果,已經發現到不少醫藥界可以用來發展藥物及療法的線索資訊。譬如說,從史丹佛大學衍生到哈佛大學的一個團隊,就發現免疫系統中一個訊號物質</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> C1q</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">,在這個過程中扮演了重要的角色。不僅</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C1q </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">可以進一步去衍生出動員免疫系統的核心訊號物質</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> C3</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">,被啟動的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">也會大量增殖,並分泌更多的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">C1q</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">,而形成一個惡性循環。所以可以打破這個惡性循環的藥物,都有希望用來治療及預防像「阿茲海默症」之類的腦神經退化。其實已經有製藥公司開始往這個方向去研發產品了,不過在美國任何藥品的研發,都需要數年的功夫來收集大量的臨床統計資料,才能取得</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> FDA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(聯邦藥管局)的核准,我們只能希望自己或家人可以等幾年。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQ3KEbp6_cpHJYRZbnjJYqIfzMquA067jsGMd03cp7N2TeFCGITFMakmjaS7R16Ry530DgjTTzJZuMjbkvcUqvOiNRHZ5mEsfWASUOIC_CsnwZFMP71kZ-tyky-IeGjBBD4z6H0Exk1ED/s1600/vicious+cycle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="861" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQ3KEbp6_cpHJYRZbnjJYqIfzMquA067jsGMd03cp7N2TeFCGITFMakmjaS7R16Ry530DgjTTzJZuMjbkvcUqvOiNRHZ5mEsfWASUOIC_CsnwZFMP71kZ-tyky-IeGjBBD4z6H0Exk1ED/s400/vicious+cycle.jpg" width="400" /><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">除此之外,整個病發過程還牽涉到其他層面,譬如說 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Amyloid</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">(類澱粉蛋白)和本來負責清除它們的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">之間的互動。神經元平時會釋放出少量的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Amyloid</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">,但是它對神經元有些毒性,所以常態中</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">會去清除它,而它也可以讓 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">進入啟動狀態。可是在「阿茲海默症」患者的病灶中,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Microglia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">似乎已經無法及時去清除</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Amyloid</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">了,反而與它同時去傷害神經元。這個惡性路徑的細節過程,還待釐清。當科學界的研究對這些過程有進一步的瞭解時,會發現到更多醫藥界可以利用的施力點。就像癌症的治療一樣:癌症病灶的發展,是好幾步遺傳物質病變的累積效果,所以只要能阻擋其中一、兩步,就有希望預防及治療癌症。現在不少治癌新藥物及新療法的開發,都是掌握這個原則。(請見拙文〝近年來癌症研究的進展</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">一</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">) </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">〞</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_9060.html"><span style="color: #0563c1;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_9060.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">及〝近年來癌症研究的進展</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">二</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">)</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">〞</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1990.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_1990.html</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">)。所以我個人對這些腦神經退化病症在最近未來的治療與預防,看法樂觀。重要的是;儘量讓我們自己和家人,不要在三、五年之內發病。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">令人<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">感</span>傷的是:我在前面提到的史丹佛大學研究</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Glia Cell </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">的先驅 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ben Barres </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">教授,在去年(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2017</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">)底因為胰臟癌而過世了,所幸他所帶出的研究方向,已經傳播到世界各地的不少研究團隊了。在他臨終之前不久的電視訪問中,他說他並不害怕死亡,可是很遺憾不能完成解碼腦神經退化整個病程的工作。又是一個「出師未捷身先死,長使英雄淚滿襟。」的偉大情懷,令我不禁眼眶濕潤。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html </span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">
</span><br /></div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-16139621160294646222013-12-13T18:20:00.000-08:002018-08-29T14:52:06.895-07:00動物的孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis)<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- August 14, 2018 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></span></o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi63-FGhuF9RklWchyphenhyphenOC8YoE-Sp-kDCHnhbjkj44JdyJvTUDJ5mPcc_Gmiz-MklI_H9_5jm04mtA9vwLuqlg1IHWDPw4DSiUTuuKwadKVfSVqws1QGNiH2GaDC6LiQOZqKoalOfa3nYMhAN/s1600/IMG_0740+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi63-FGhuF9RklWchyphenhyphenOC8YoE-Sp-kDCHnhbjkj44JdyJvTUDJ5mPcc_Gmiz-MklI_H9_5jm04mtA9vwLuqlg1IHWDPw4DSiUTuuKwadKVfSVqws1QGNiH2GaDC6LiQOZqKoalOfa3nYMhAN/s640/IMG_0740+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">相信有不少朋友從宗教故事或神話傳說中,聽說過「孤雌生殖」這件事。單性生殖在植物界、細菌類、和藻菌類中並不罕見,可是在動物界、特別是在結構較複雜的動物裡、也可以持續自然存在嗎?</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">答案是:「雖然不常見,但是可以持續自然存在,而且是可以繁衍下去的。」</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">動物的單性生殖,其實都是雌性生殖,其中又分成兩大類。第一類是整個生殖過程都不需要雄性的參與,被稱為</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Parthenogenesis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(孤雌生殖)。第二類則是卵子還是需要精子結合的刺激,才能開始增殖,可是精子中的染色體,不會被加到後代的遺傳物質中。這一類被稱為</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Gynogenesis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">,我自己把它暫時翻譯成「雌性遺傳生殖」。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gyno-</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」是希臘文中「女性」的字根,醫學裡的「婦科」就叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">gynecology</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」。「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">genesis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」是希臘文中「產生」的意思,舊約聖經裡的「創世紀」一書,就被翻譯成「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Genesis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」。而「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Partheno-</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」則是希臘文中「處女」的字根,像雅典城著名的「帕德嫩神廟」,希臘文就是「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Parthenon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」,因為古希臘人相信女神「雅典娜」是處女。)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">動物的單性生殖情況,在不同類動物裡各不相同,所以須要分別討論。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">在昆蟲綱裡,孤雌生殖現象存在於某些種類的蚜蟲、螞蟻,蜜蜂、黃蜂、和薊馬。譬如說:工蟻和工蜂通常是從受精卵發育出來的,未受精卵只會發育成雄蟻和雄蜂。可是有不少種螞蟻和少數幾種蜜蜂,被發現未受精卵也可以發育成工蟻和工蜂,甚至發育成蟻后和蜂后。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5zXWiQ-IhaQF4hceEBba9R1wxp1Ji6Slf9qNgRe3pmN-RuUbGvC4_Dwjm85IZpT4dUc4OOhahkErFVtUSJmE1Xulat1Xf-gdN4VHeni9DGDiM6EsbGZ06E4DE2ftOzRBmyzG0EBj5pKSK/s1600/P5214925+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="1343" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5zXWiQ-IhaQF4hceEBba9R1wxp1Ji6Slf9qNgRe3pmN-RuUbGvC4_Dwjm85IZpT4dUc4OOhahkErFVtUSJmE1Xulat1Xf-gdN4VHeni9DGDiM6EsbGZ06E4DE2ftOzRBmyzG0EBj5pKSK/s640/P5214925+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDauq4QKGabAgKVpIgu_DJqOpzvLOLG5pVnLQaWAa3AYiLV3zaMcIDi5oPvoHoWXR1zEM6sKAhCmPXlYLqqaLhYV-3T-GfCWL1NEgEbtJMe3iQU6UtvfuAfJcfn_t0U7G2aJclv7Ndifnk/s1600/P5214926+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1012" data-original-width="1352" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDauq4QKGabAgKVpIgu_DJqOpzvLOLG5pVnLQaWAa3AYiLV3zaMcIDi5oPvoHoWXR1zEM6sKAhCmPXlYLqqaLhYV-3T-GfCWL1NEgEbtJMe3iQU6UtvfuAfJcfn_t0U7G2aJclv7Ndifnk/s640/P5214926+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">在蜘蛛目當中,絕大部分的物種都行有性生殖。可是有兩個卵蛛科</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oonopidae</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">)裡的物種,被發現進行孤雌生殖。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">輪形動物門包括了一千多種生活在淡水中的微型動物,其中也有兩個物種,被發現進行孤雌生殖。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">腹足綱中有三種蝸牛或螺類被發現進行孤雌生殖。其中一種也產於台灣,被稱為「瘤蜷」。(學名:</span><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Tarebia
granifera</span></span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">孤雌生殖被發現最多物種的,在爬蟲綱的有鱗目(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Squamata</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">,包括了蜥蝪和蛇類。)當中。譬如說:壁虎科當中,就有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">6</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">個物種有孤雌生殖的現象。產於美洲的一百多種</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Whiptail
Lizard</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(鞭尾蜥蜴)當中,也有十幾種有孤雌生殖的現象。產於歐亞的「正蜥科」當中,也至少有</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">8</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">種有孤雌生殖的現象。產於美洲的「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Tropical
Night Lizard</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」(熱帶夜蜥)當中,也有兩種有孤雌生殖的現象。即使在巨蜥科當中,也有幾種能行孤雌生殖,例如體型最大的「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Komodo
dragon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」(科摩多巨蜥)和另外一種叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Argus Monitor</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」的巨蜥。在不少孤雌生殖的蜥蝪當中,存在著一種有趣的現象,那就是雌蜥蝪與雌蜥蝪之間的「假交配」行為。在同一群雌蜥蝪當中,每個個體的產卵時間並不會相同。而不到產卵時間的雌蜥蝪,會爬到適值產卵時間的雌蜥蝪身上,進行類似雌雄性交的行為。隔一段時間後,角色會交換。從此看來,這些蜥蝪的孤雌生殖,可能是有性生殖的孑遺現象。而科學家猜測:這種「假交配」的行為,可以增加蜥蝪體內賀爾蒙的起伏,有利於生產,因而在演化的過程中,被保留了下來。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_FMm_oG8dinH0uVDPdQK_BlcCwF3DcRjLKj1DRLZvv_AUdO6KywRPsbyX7NA17l930Sq2X5y3bx0C7o9MJP9JjJsekrp0wrZvi28htfwbIMMBVZDhtaNA0lw452_06f2-RUelE_zYwEY-/s1600/IMG_2336+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1131" data-original-width="1506" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_FMm_oG8dinH0uVDPdQK_BlcCwF3DcRjLKj1DRLZvv_AUdO6KywRPsbyX7NA17l930Sq2X5y3bx0C7o9MJP9JjJsekrp0wrZvi28htfwbIMMBVZDhtaNA0lw452_06f2-RUelE_zYwEY-/s640/IMG_2336+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">有鱗目也包括蛇類。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">在蛇類當中,產於印度的小型「鉤盲蛇」有持續的孤雌生殖現象。另外,幾種大型的蛇類,也被觀察到有孤雌生殖的現象,這包括了第二名最大型蛇類的「緬甸蟒」、第三名最大型蛇類和第一名最長蛇類的「網紋蟒」、第一名最毒蛇類的澳洲「</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Common Death Adder</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">死亡蛇)、第三名最毒蛇類的澳洲「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Coastal Taipan Snake</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">」(太攀蛇),以及兩種南美洲的紅尾蚺,和兩種北美洲的蝮蛇。不過這些大蛇的例子當中,常常孤雌生殖所產生的卵,孵化率低,所以有些科學家認為它們還是「偶發性」的孤雌生殖,還沒有演化成可以持續的孤雌生殖。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">在兩棲動物當中,有幾種蠑螈和青蛙進行孤雌生殖,譬如說鈍口螈和歐洲水蛙。有趣的是:它們都是物種雜交的後代,還經常帶有三套以上的染色體。在其他孤雌生殖動物裡,三套以上的染色體並沒有這麼普遍。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">在魚類當中,軟骨魚類比較有孤雌生殖的存在。至少有三種鯊魚和一種</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sawfish</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(鋸鰩),被觀察到有孤雌生殖的現象。在硬骨魚類裡,就只有一種</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Molly </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(花鱂),被觀察到有上述的「雌性遺傳生殖」的現象。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiMXQcvlsvP-82aUCG8OAqYmR3LaLxpSFfASrrb9fI_iCY8aW9LW10wrGFIwuXL1dxvAiqfOz-h5xcSQO0mfJN1fzny_tSmf6n64XbV5Ar2jnCFlyjoCmYfDRRuLXgZGLmzfdzDyoE-1e5/s1600/IMG_0648+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1505" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiMXQcvlsvP-82aUCG8OAqYmR3LaLxpSFfASrrb9fI_iCY8aW9LW10wrGFIwuXL1dxvAiqfOz-h5xcSQO0mfJN1fzny_tSmf6n64XbV5Ar2jnCFlyjoCmYfDRRuLXgZGLmzfdzDyoE-1e5/s640/IMG_0648+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">在鳥類當中,被圈養的雞、火雞、和鴿子,都會不經交配就產卵。不過大家都很熟悉,這些蛋無法孵出下一代來。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">在哺乳類當中,還沒有發現自然發生的孤雌生殖。不過孤雌生殖是可以在實驗室,經由人工誘導而發生。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">從上面的資料,可以看出:動物的演化,是一面倒地偏好有性生殖,不過自然的孤雌生殖,不是不可能的。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">上面所提的孤雌生殖例子,除了經由觀察個體的性活動之外,科學家還常會經由染色體的檢驗,來確認是孤雌生殖。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">除了雄蟻和雄蜂這些少數例子之外,動物胚胎通常需要兩套染色體,才能正常地發育出後代。但是一般卵子在減數分裂之後,只剩下一套染色體。所以進行孤雌生殖的一個門檻,是如何讓未受精的卵子,擁有兩套染色體?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">在從事孤雌生殖的個體中,有兩種機制可以達到這個結果。第一種機制,就是在減數分裂之前,先讓染色體加倍。這樣一來減數分裂之後,卵子就會有兩套染色體。第二種機制,是在正常的減數分裂過程中,會產生一些被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">polar body</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">」的不完全卵子。孤雌生殖個體的健康卵子,就可以去和這些 </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">polar body </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">結合,而得到另外一套染色體。</span></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIKgEIZwAS96D-qiPbd2qIO2oMQF_tlxtGYPCN4jnf21-f7l2AvE6IEhO0TSsxvazdtE-WhUU8hcMC1vKD6vanstnCpxL3w9i3qoHZINGNcyXAsyGDqLoC9evJJGdpBcebgqXXCAoeDlf/s1600/number+of+chromoson+set.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1142" data-original-width="1510" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIKgEIZwAS96D-qiPbd2qIO2oMQF_tlxtGYPCN4jnf21-f7l2AvE6IEhO0TSsxvazdtE-WhUU8hcMC1vKD6vanstnCpxL3w9i3qoHZINGNcyXAsyGDqLoC9evJJGdpBcebgqXXCAoeDlf/s640/number+of+chromoson+set.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">通常卵子需要有被精子穿刺的刺激,才會開始分裂增殖成胚胎。所以進行孤雌生殖的另一個門檻,是如何在沒有被精子穿刺的刺激之下,開始分裂增殖成胚胎呢?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">科學家在對這個課題從事研究之後,發現被精子穿刺的刺激,和卵子的鈣循環很有關係。所以後來在實驗室進行的人工孤雌生殖,常常使用類似的細胞刺激。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">有些朋友會問說:既然在自然界裡,孤雌生殖幾乎不存在於哺乳動物,更不必提人類了。那孤雌生殖這個現象,和人類的福祇又有什麼關係呢?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">答案是:在實驗室裡,孤雌生殖還是比生物複製(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">cloning</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">)來得單純一些。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Cloning </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">需要把細胞核移植到一個新的去核細胞裡去,但是孤雌生殖則完全在原來自身的細胞中完成。(如果連帶考慮</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Epigenetics</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">,那孤雌生殖就更單純了。請參見拙文「染色體遺傳資訊表現過程的奧秘」</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_17.html"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_17.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">)而孤雌生殖所產生的幹細胞,和母體的遺傳特性還是可以完全一樣,能夠用來治療母體的許多疾病,而不會產生排斥作用,這對母體是很好的禮物。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2004</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">年有一位南韓的科學家,發表文章號稱經由</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Cloning</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 14pt;">而產生人類的幹細胞,但是隨即承認造假。後來別的研究人員去檢查他的實驗,發現他所得到的幹細胞,其實是經由人工的孤雌生殖而產生的。換句話說,他無意中為人類幹細胞的生產技術,推進了一大步。也因此,女性同胞們數十萬年來負擔了族群懷孕生產的大任,終於可以有所回報了。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html </span></a></span></span></span><br /></div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-68594143523793009612013-12-13T18:10:00.000-08:002018-08-29T14:53:08.283-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十九) 伊斯坦堡Istanbul (五) — Topkapi 皇宮 (下)<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- July 28, 2018 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></span></o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZGthd97NV1HIHXhfHKiECFA8LWlYdSkcqbOiXB1Cz_mSgkovxrMKGiIL8TjUc55TTwgLGhPgot64rAtIyLAxgbhIJrNROZF1mnGCY4HpoKIuOzGOWB2BlGztQdMEOydnEASY6u9NlatyH/s1600/IMG_3916+Imperial+Council+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1509" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZGthd97NV1HIHXhfHKiECFA8LWlYdSkcqbOiXB1Cz_mSgkovxrMKGiIL8TjUc55TTwgLGhPgot64rAtIyLAxgbhIJrNROZF1mnGCY4HpoKIuOzGOWB2BlGztQdMEOydnEASY6u9NlatyH/s640/IMG_3916+Imperial+Council+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">為了幫大家回憶一下前面一篇,我把</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Topkapi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">皇宮的鳥瞰圖再附在這裡。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMEqQQiih-JvlQTorYGTp9ZchfN15vWC6sx-EccI8nRx625QC_AXVjjr-7fNyNKgDS9ToglFYwDYs74ks6_El22DovAEGwCEN7fGWtIw-vMmT9rDPGOiKl33EaDz-uluIMTDGv6lbFGN1b/s1600/satelite+image+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1058" data-original-width="1126" height="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMEqQQiih-JvlQTorYGTp9ZchfN15vWC6sx-EccI8nRx625QC_AXVjjr-7fNyNKgDS9ToglFYwDYs74ks6_El22DovAEGwCEN7fGWtIw-vMmT9rDPGOiKl33EaDz-uluIMTDGv6lbFGN1b/s640/satelite+image+.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">第三道庭園的入口,是一座</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Gate of Felicity</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Felicity</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是「快樂」的意思),當時此道門的出入,有嚴格的控管。此門有一個大型的前簷,它的天花板也有巴洛克式的裝飾,新蘇丹的就任禮,經常是在前簷附近舉行。通道的上方,是一位蘇丹</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Mahmud II</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的親筆書和印信。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmqacMx8zvTKvL9MKD2CG6fw3zQ_FEr3b86z5JD3PAmcBWMdvCnogEABrO3_y8JR350ZaqvsEXUPTPu-Vm55RTtiCTXllwJjFyIOjEul-yPIsKTTJaPkaSb_2IhS94E5oZICKmFZFYT28o/s1600/IMG_3754+Dome+above+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmqacMx8zvTKvL9MKD2CG6fw3zQ_FEr3b86z5JD3PAmcBWMdvCnogEABrO3_y8JR350ZaqvsEXUPTPu-Vm55RTtiCTXllwJjFyIOjEul-yPIsKTTJaPkaSb_2IhS94E5oZICKmFZFYT28o/s640/IMG_3754+Dome+above+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD9ji_qgT9Y3vGiPgPZUNeglCccjX8zwgDlR7dxzYDXdTdzzjIfyJ0e4eSI4OcGeEUUR6ANOxdP1v9MR6PCNfSdqqI_5ZadWV76Qn3L2r3g-R6YjQYjnCtewWaWlgpRKWgLODyAO_UEfA0/s1600/IMG_3756+Gate+of+Felicity+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD9ji_qgT9Y3vGiPgPZUNeglCccjX8zwgDlR7dxzYDXdTdzzjIfyJ0e4eSI4OcGeEUUR6ANOxdP1v9MR6PCNfSdqqI_5ZadWV76Qn3L2r3g-R6YjQYjnCtewWaWlgpRKWgLODyAO_UEfA0/s640/IMG_3756+Gate+of+Felicity+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPyJ1Sb83Jlg5SYm2chkMCCoBGk_dk3TE8oXQ4Wiim9CB4bWVk2owlgv1peg-6B3Rv-6NvcJS3DYJgJFVnA2cifkTuQU2alsrMKxJ1icukKHkBG9efDRUxuyYWusn2X87KZuFw7bO-GvX/s1600/IMG_3773+Ceiling+at+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1508" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPyJ1Sb83Jlg5SYm2chkMCCoBGk_dk3TE8oXQ4Wiim9CB4bWVk2owlgv1peg-6B3Rv-6NvcJS3DYJgJFVnA2cifkTuQU2alsrMKxJ1icukKHkBG9efDRUxuyYWusn2X87KZuFw7bO-GvX/s640/IMG_3773+Ceiling+at+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-IPz0WziLLWDh-5CbQI8Fvl_Y7ZHr9vllQ3owvHXjsOwWS1ZUlnlIX52l4ZgqLzsbDUhOixZ8z5SK1wk4pS4jHqYRZ0mje4m2JLed6amdOyX5ed5H1Oc9MZrkqVvB9zWxKFMImLF2mYzu/s1600/IMG_3775+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1508" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-IPz0WziLLWDh-5CbQI8Fvl_Y7ZHr9vllQ3owvHXjsOwWS1ZUlnlIX52l4ZgqLzsbDUhOixZ8z5SK1wk4pS4jHqYRZ0mje4m2JLed6amdOyX5ed5H1Oc9MZrkqVvB9zWxKFMImLF2mYzu/s640/IMG_3775+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirkdeR5OsujEfnfXryOBX9b9jCKaD_8xsr__7q2iDCxoWlWMIF7Tel9mkF4eIWbB-h3Q7IL2Qmq9q61WxUT-YFpupJ75ktDMMFl4_WuE5GOxxoAk0JiLsszX5JT3xY1DF2O7p2-_YtHBp/s1600/IMG_3927+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1508" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirkdeR5OsujEfnfXryOBX9b9jCKaD_8xsr__7q2iDCxoWlWMIF7Tel9mkF4eIWbB-h3Q7IL2Qmq9q61WxUT-YFpupJ75ktDMMFl4_WuE5GOxxoAk0JiLsszX5JT3xY1DF2O7p2-_YtHBp/s640/IMG_3927+Gate+of+Felicity+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">進了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gate
of Felicity</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,馬上是一座頗富摩爾式(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Moorish</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)風格的建築,是蘇丹接見宰相、大臣、和各國政要的場地,稱為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Audience Chamber</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。它的四邊,也建有大型的屋簷,屋簷的天花板,佈滿了乳丁形的裝飾。屋簷的廊柱,則由各色的花崗岩及斑岩所建成。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigxD611Z2YP854v1fELD3MV0eIBcUIggSW_uyrbKB80F2bSjqD9xLFfp3-bQQFo-FIDxQNXv5ZitzBMMU8eiXxE1a_bNzyOV9j55IcQOeithZ4lpdSmAWhJrb8y6ebS_yvM6F5HTd5jjFb/s1600/IMG_3783+Entrance+to+the+the+Audience+Chamber+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1030" data-original-width="1508" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigxD611Z2YP854v1fELD3MV0eIBcUIggSW_uyrbKB80F2bSjqD9xLFfp3-bQQFo-FIDxQNXv5ZitzBMMU8eiXxE1a_bNzyOV9j55IcQOeithZ4lpdSmAWhJrb8y6ebS_yvM6F5HTd5jjFb/s640/IMG_3783+Entrance+to+the+the+Audience+Chamber+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbPeeO1fi8H-QliitEiKN34PbuUTEkF6i_LnX7S8NOWEwB14xRfD9FNGFb5yuWRmJaSew2qlSiAljrHRn3Q57kccxAWmffAvlNak_FXTLXBReN59nnnY6_nQ-_B-tVzw1XeQzw0CEIGno/s1600/IMG_3785+Porch+of+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbPeeO1fi8H-QliitEiKN34PbuUTEkF6i_LnX7S8NOWEwB14xRfD9FNGFb5yuWRmJaSew2qlSiAljrHRn3Q57kccxAWmffAvlNak_FXTLXBReN59nnnY6_nQ-_B-tVzw1XeQzw0CEIGno/s640/IMG_3785+Porch+of+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-GD9PdYcc1-IuDC3vuyuOOhh4vStggzLAYbDSBk4GumbXqcyffeHi3EtVO9g1oXLiYYvL01oH-e1c4F9oqC8GAdCmvpggHzqaw_70ts5ZKYpn-G8ry7OyueMebQqp6A9NGSN5XlsgAhFe/s1600/IMG_3789+Porch+of+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-GD9PdYcc1-IuDC3vuyuOOhh4vStggzLAYbDSBk4GumbXqcyffeHi3EtVO9g1oXLiYYvL01oH-e1c4F9oqC8GAdCmvpggHzqaw_70ts5ZKYpn-G8ry7OyueMebQqp6A9NGSN5XlsgAhFe/s640/IMG_3789+Porch+of+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWCgja31hOEyno9EmgydA571-25FbCurUZeNcDUtCS6mkaSztWE5WeaBoEl0YcKYislIvY1kUqa9lqsY9_UG_xlN0HHJaqBisbbzhu6Zja9PGEv86mr6eIoNU7K3fhrSjEHoyHjyDvbWe/s1600/IMG_3798+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWCgja31hOEyno9EmgydA571-25FbCurUZeNcDUtCS6mkaSztWE5WeaBoEl0YcKYislIvY1kUqa9lqsY9_UG_xlN0HHJaqBisbbzhu6Zja9PGEv86mr6eIoNU7K3fhrSjEHoyHjyDvbWe/s640/IMG_3798+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide6LJuFnylSsLZLlWo4RTGhr_totO-_G2FgLpu2CkQnNU0Y8nM1SN7HNfvKOfJBOw_lj1JNHI528SlooPU6gDujijypphx8iWx1K_J69WzkMVBunpFeijfdRfEF3-bhZU9xmO6_7L0HDD/s1600/IMG_3815+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1509" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide6LJuFnylSsLZLlWo4RTGhr_totO-_G2FgLpu2CkQnNU0Y8nM1SN7HNfvKOfJBOw_lj1JNHI528SlooPU6gDujijypphx8iWx1K_J69WzkMVBunpFeijfdRfEF3-bhZU9xmO6_7L0HDD/s640/IMG_3815+Audience+Chamber+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">鄂圖曼帝國在皇宮裡辦了兩座學校,一座在後宮裡,負責教育皇家成員。另外,他們也從帝國各地選拔優秀的少年,到皇宮裡來培育成帝國未來的重要行政官員和將領。而這座學校,就位在第三道庭園裡<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,稱為</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Enderun School<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,這令人想起中國古代的太學及國子監,不過太學及國子監與皇帝的物理距離,好像沒有這麼接近</span></span>。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">除此之外,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Enderun School </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的課程不光是文、史、和宗教,也包括了數學、音樂、藝術、兵器等其它領域。</span>庭園中央的一座圖書館,及周邊的某些建築,是為這座學校而建的。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YRtyBreYlHSaXIWyo2N1Y9A80pdTKmEYWhDUfvyQ1LRJSaK81-Z83sQUxDmyiZ0iTyxcm1x6doJvBiHmn4ngSYvfHDaqs94vBq3w0cWjgZFPNf0ghHqbdiEToMVB95uF11PBGMZSdp0-/s1600/IMG_3784+Dormitoy+of+the+Expeditionary+Force+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YRtyBreYlHSaXIWyo2N1Y9A80pdTKmEYWhDUfvyQ1LRJSaK81-Z83sQUxDmyiZ0iTyxcm1x6doJvBiHmn4ngSYvfHDaqs94vBq3w0cWjgZFPNf0ghHqbdiEToMVB95uF11PBGMZSdp0-/s640/IMG_3784+Dormitoy+of+the+Expeditionary+Force+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2jnHNdZ2Gz_O4_3MLNAKf6YB23NubKollyal08ol_vcBYSDSXq-DMQCTswXB-_Cz99qd4sbWhciVCcAvJ4ZSfI5hRpIY3Q3LXaRZ_sWs_6kN80FwIo1V9WXSo05KR2HHWIAGQymeZLJDP/s1600/IMG_3793+Treasury+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1140" data-original-width="765" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2jnHNdZ2Gz_O4_3MLNAKf6YB23NubKollyal08ol_vcBYSDSXq-DMQCTswXB-_Cz99qd4sbWhciVCcAvJ4ZSfI5hRpIY3Q3LXaRZ_sWs_6kN80FwIo1V9WXSo05KR2HHWIAGQymeZLJDP/s640/IMG_3793+Treasury+level.jpg" width="428" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Topkapi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">皇宮有許多拱廊,其中大部分是圓拱。不過在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Audience Chamber</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的左方,有一排建築叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Treasury Ward</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(珍寶的保護修繕部門),則用了相當優雅的尖拱。許多朋友看到尖拱,就會想到西歐的哥德式建築,其實它的傳播路徑是由東向西。它最早是在紀元前被用在印度的佛教建築,後來傳入回教建築,最後才傳入西歐。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwvTK1ZTOCBkAdrvZaOsmKRtY39GUuT8wK6lWaxKWG9f7pO9gQot6EZt-DD7BX3qo4F5x-0FVsjAtYoeFGMrm9U9WBMwbpZRauGlSs7FpvdJv8K68OKEJR2XRtsICW5yVkHCtflTUyMoJM/s1600/IMG_3806+Treasury+Ward+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1517" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwvTK1ZTOCBkAdrvZaOsmKRtY39GUuT8wK6lWaxKWG9f7pO9gQot6EZt-DD7BX3qo4F5x-0FVsjAtYoeFGMrm9U9WBMwbpZRauGlSs7FpvdJv8K68OKEJR2XRtsICW5yVkHCtflTUyMoJM/s640/IMG_3806+Treasury+Ward+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Treasury
Ward</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">往內走,有幾間房子是被用來收藏回教聖物,其中包括了一件據傳是穆罕默德的斗篷(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mantle</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),所以這幾間房子被稱為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Pavillion of the Holy Mantle</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。鄂圖曼帝國的蘇丹,一度也成為回教的宗教領袖「哈理發」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Caliphate</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),所以有些回教聖物也會被送到皇宮來。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFUVe-LZqgmKfMhNGP2K86uUXagb1bZTYnn2eIiQOPzc3OLeXaPcjgJa54setQnrmu4_eENJVN0IpwGz11YTaSJwUUJ_U1n4wWy5KHjXFpIthz0-CXEWhq75vCwHK2ut-kLjW4wH_q5MpE/s1600/IMG_3804+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFUVe-LZqgmKfMhNGP2K86uUXagb1bZTYnn2eIiQOPzc3OLeXaPcjgJa54setQnrmu4_eENJVN0IpwGz11YTaSJwUUJ_U1n4wWy5KHjXFpIthz0-CXEWhq75vCwHK2ut-kLjW4wH_q5MpE/s640/IMG_3804+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2umjqYrrv2tUWQRC3sKVlUTLdV1gvPSZLkEjlKNjU34r5GgQtSpYacRmOUaOkHNLB3X4amFFdojnRUsRJGEI0LG7Pj7vXA4_7OAEgsxhUOc89qIV7uCLZ189ECUcfy0kRMiIrJb2GdjxV/s1600/IMG_3808+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1016" data-original-width="1508" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2umjqYrrv2tUWQRC3sKVlUTLdV1gvPSZLkEjlKNjU34r5GgQtSpYacRmOUaOkHNLB3X4amFFdojnRUsRJGEI0LG7Pj7vXA4_7OAEgsxhUOc89qIV7uCLZ189ECUcfy0kRMiIrJb2GdjxV/s640/IMG_3808+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt_gn9EhMA5fKso5AsdWfCktLjME36Y0TBVpO7ET3OO0peESDvnp9RxWmBSYfqm-UbyTVHAD1CdUjjg6-LvhwgZdyzxOKXtCn5hrJOqQGOtTi5knLGbsmkt_bt0tSFRB3VzUktq8DgkDy/s1600/IMG_3810+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="1508" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIt_gn9EhMA5fKso5AsdWfCktLjME36Y0TBVpO7ET3OO0peESDvnp9RxWmBSYfqm-UbyTVHAD1CdUjjg6-LvhwgZdyzxOKXtCn5hrJOqQGOtTi5knLGbsmkt_bt0tSFRB3VzUktq8DgkDy/s640/IMG_3810+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJvVqOhYSZUrT4a6lF61t-zmG8g7HAQA9GdEgUrKhyphenhyphenqXTBP1-Kuw9RHBuACWLii6bPYj6xa0_ENCHltK1x7O-XfUV7OLVaQ7tXGA7LmELqC8U0op3SN5jQcH9WU4BWDr5ecYWje-VqMoet/s1600/IMG_3860+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJvVqOhYSZUrT4a6lF61t-zmG8g7HAQA9GdEgUrKhyphenhyphenqXTBP1-Kuw9RHBuACWLii6bPYj6xa0_ENCHltK1x7O-XfUV7OLVaQ7tXGA7LmELqC8U0op3SN5jQcH9WU4BWDr5ecYWje-VqMoet/s640/IMG_3860+Pavilion+Of+The+Holy+Mantle+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Pavillion of the Holy Mantle </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的入口處有頗為美觀的裝飾,特別值得一提的是通道上方的橫額,其實書寫的是和上一篇裡所提到的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Salutation
Gate</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」通道上方的橫額一樣的句子,只是不同的書法呈現,可是乍看之下不太容易認出來。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9YtNKxnR2SC_64LqnwhxIpGNKiuPW8YjsOPbW6vzkMeNTUAmyK9NCDfp1i6yk4LuK4xLdTRPNNpozIyBc76YzKu6dvDOzlS-g7VY9QQPkfY_RUPa2pHoImbpGCRXyW0iOWppeDhNv7tRm/s1600/script+comparison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1106" data-original-width="1409" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9YtNKxnR2SC_64LqnwhxIpGNKiuPW8YjsOPbW6vzkMeNTUAmyK9NCDfp1i6yk4LuK4xLdTRPNNpozIyBc76YzKu6dvDOzlS-g7VY9QQPkfY_RUPa2pHoImbpGCRXyW0iOWppeDhNv7tRm/s640/script+comparison.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">第四道庭園相當於蘇丹的後花園,建築比較細緻,像</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Mecidiye Kiosk </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">就是一個例子。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXFoFXQkrvmHiIYbsk9NGDGUrSxvmcsbKHgydzXvEmZxGYYryxGsi7_R_VuisYNGc0finQlx3sYG3xyWODKMGiN4tR1oi-i3Qh4tLNXgeJh600HRfEKewIsyvwN_k15logfMnpvVVjXTDl/s1600/IMG_3893+Mecidiye+Kiosk+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1015" data-original-width="1508" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXFoFXQkrvmHiIYbsk9NGDGUrSxvmcsbKHgydzXvEmZxGYYryxGsi7_R_VuisYNGc0finQlx3sYG3xyWODKMGiN4tR1oi-i3Qh4tLNXgeJh600HRfEKewIsyvwN_k15logfMnpvVVjXTDl/s640/IMG_3893+Mecidiye+Kiosk+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxuKM18P9rq6Vn7QcgEjsER6VHu7nsRtZ0NkLu7UyCxPBe1-GIUWsavRvOCJR406VU0QxaliwtXtpenRj8twJw2D63IwOABJAyB5V27riT3qdrqJmQ9oOqoFOsX5TzOIYIpAXEVcf67Uq5/s1600/IMG_3896+gate+to+river+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1131" data-original-width="755" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxuKM18P9rq6Vn7QcgEjsER6VHu7nsRtZ0NkLu7UyCxPBe1-GIUWsavRvOCJR406VU0QxaliwtXtpenRj8twJw2D63IwOABJAyB5V27riT3qdrqJmQ9oOqoFOsX5TzOIYIpAXEVcf67Uq5/s640/IMG_3896+gate+to+river+trim+level.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpaAGcDVYvPdLXXJeq7BsJPzIsEBV_Um8VZwF6uiKVutTpu90N3DxY6qBUiQubuBGD_WFhxWt6UO0MtdDtBd1FLV3GdmDewTq4c4UNbNF1sqkSzCjOwKF9k4GXoVIVsiUBdjyYV3ct_e6g/s1600/IMG_3851+Terrace+Mosque+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1130" data-original-width="755" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpaAGcDVYvPdLXXJeq7BsJPzIsEBV_Um8VZwF6uiKVutTpu90N3DxY6qBUiQubuBGD_WFhxWt6UO0MtdDtBd1FLV3GdmDewTq4c4UNbNF1sqkSzCjOwKF9k4GXoVIVsiUBdjyYV3ct_e6g/s640/IMG_3851+Terrace+Mosque+level.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL1Wmcdd6IJVatHMSsCaq9NYQbpawx7cnqDl0FOXZV4ySJuGrMsyg6F3ahwPIEsbojyzAemWiUpToeUlDU_GH9wjd1WhdtvXuGBLuJBMce2k1XsYf7KqZRSKde8xjEFTWYtJV9L5N0ituu/s1600/IMG_3852+marble+fountain+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1015" data-original-width="1508" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL1Wmcdd6IJVatHMSsCaq9NYQbpawx7cnqDl0FOXZV4ySJuGrMsyg6F3ahwPIEsbojyzAemWiUpToeUlDU_GH9wjd1WhdtvXuGBLuJBMce2k1XsYf7KqZRSKde8xjEFTWYtJV9L5N0ituu/s640/IMG_3852+marble+fountain+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> <span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">從四道庭園的右方、可以眺望國際重要的水道:博斯普魯斯海峽(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Bosporus Straight</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。它在從黑海到愛琴海和地中海的必經之地,也是歐、亞兩洲的分界。緩緩的流水,訴說著幾千年來民族的東西遷徙,和文明的興衰交替。</span></span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrgQ1E98FSWk5BKQVWliEhM-qoOgGI1gaify1ZVTddjw2VZTfrsX_7rc43WQyOoOJ84hSdmofgTi4wOB5CJRO2wulMsJAs0ilN1V78DtxcTRGiRXsOVS5ZfcFEDng9DjmlgU7txfW4iG76/s1600/IMG_3819+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrgQ1E98FSWk5BKQVWliEhM-qoOgGI1gaify1ZVTddjw2VZTfrsX_7rc43WQyOoOJ84hSdmofgTi4wOB5CJRO2wulMsJAs0ilN1V78DtxcTRGiRXsOVS5ZfcFEDng9DjmlgU7txfW4iG76/s640/IMG_3819+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3-AY7aQkSOWn_bjevcUga7hpz-HCUbhKsh02Aq5PlzcwNF_tX51MwsyeDqMVz3Ht55JIKX0EuEnpbqiFJFBUCeaVOrhxB8pc0WYhDAMAqEn68zavMEfpLWx6Ax8xsS-BGI7oEKz2rdl8f/s1600/IMG_3822+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3-AY7aQkSOWn_bjevcUga7hpz-HCUbhKsh02Aq5PlzcwNF_tX51MwsyeDqMVz3Ht55JIKX0EuEnpbqiFJFBUCeaVOrhxB8pc0WYhDAMAqEn68zavMEfpLWx6Ax8xsS-BGI7oEKz2rdl8f/s640/IMG_3822+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4O0WINVDHxtiVcWCbJhrJ5xwLfUf19DrwYQeRQxWNDrnH5_eg-DA6o5JDRQ2S8mFaPTtjMwzRhrUPbr1rN9l9VqUmJ4LBUtAP9cM7fX6x46lwpGeuAj8BgwqIpHbNb2JeZgoSW-aFpBWw/s1600/IMG_3838+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1507" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4O0WINVDHxtiVcWCbJhrJ5xwLfUf19DrwYQeRQxWNDrnH5_eg-DA6o5JDRQ2S8mFaPTtjMwzRhrUPbr1rN9l9VqUmJ4LBUtAP9cM7fX6x46lwpGeuAj8BgwqIpHbNb2JeZgoSW-aFpBWw/s640/IMG_3838+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ5zyWvW1mtBEY33JnZkHVKgyovrzsmi4dT9TquSXH2o1CYjrB2VvQZfEAbm5xOTIZfaS3-2bQ4Jw7xnaVVigy0nKbGs1QM9RXWu9Wx8sG2cvmMv-2W9i_IGRtWrlNIhvIJQN0nA_hveB5/s1600/IMG_3844+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ5zyWvW1mtBEY33JnZkHVKgyovrzsmi4dT9TquSXH2o1CYjrB2VvQZfEAbm5xOTIZfaS3-2bQ4Jw7xnaVVigy0nKbGs1QM9RXWu9Wx8sG2cvmMv-2W9i_IGRtWrlNIhvIJQN0nA_hveB5/s640/IMG_3844+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzqdoc5x6wzixOdPLg2xZKUJzMAoZhyb5hJAn0jtKhmNG-bZCUQprzvAzRdeO-rJAdANU6HKGC7jI022Le73FiEuZBtaEo1bf-uGufjuMWQ9IV1jqZYtO9JSu6IZBPUQ9VtJelgWi7Cw6/s1600/IMG_3843+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1516" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzqdoc5x6wzixOdPLg2xZKUJzMAoZhyb5hJAn0jtKhmNG-bZCUQprzvAzRdeO-rJAdANU6HKGC7jI022Le73FiEuZBtaEo1bf-uGufjuMWQ9IV1jqZYtO9JSu6IZBPUQ9VtJelgWi7Cw6/s640/IMG_3843+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html </span></a></span></span></span></span> </span><br />
</span> </div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-2527707975344917022013-12-13T18:00:00.000-08:002018-08-29T14:54:04.216-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十八) 伊斯坦堡Istanbul (四) — Topkapi 皇宮 (上)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- July 27, 2018 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></span></o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-AnQi-SQPOHYRayuBmDc5pGMyTM4F-5vEIRCMFsWYRE8JteqmiJltBUZ0NzZq2IlBkT-EbIQz2MdA-q_YEh9Agcy7Tk6iCdaO1347y_RT0X4NzBksBHthqvI8RgU8Peo6gPeGRgKGpHIx/s1600/IMG_3687+Fountain+of+Ahmed+III+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1507" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-AnQi-SQPOHYRayuBmDc5pGMyTM4F-5vEIRCMFsWYRE8JteqmiJltBUZ0NzZq2IlBkT-EbIQz2MdA-q_YEh9Agcy7Tk6iCdaO1347y_RT0X4NzBksBHthqvI8RgU8Peo6gPeGRgKGpHIx/s640/IMG_3687+Fountain+of+Ahmed+III+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 前面幾篇提過,鄂圖曼土耳其人對拜占庭的文藝非常欣賞,所以隨後的鄂圖曼建築,也深受拜占庭建築的影響,例如圓頂和拱廊就是兩個例子。但是鄂圖曼土耳其人也帶進了他們原有的特色,以及周圍回教國家的影響,而融合成鄂圖曼建築風格。譬如說:鄂圖曼建築減少了很多室內廊柱的使用,而傾向於寬敞而少阻礙的室內空間。另外,鄂圖曼建築引進了比拜占庭建築多的日光,而避開了拜占庭建築室內的陰暗。在鄂圖曼建築的諸項特色當中,最引我注意的,是對「溫和細緻」的偏好,以及將庭院與建築結合的自然主義(亦名「有機主義」)傾向。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">鄂圖曼建築的主要遺產可以分為兩大類。第一大類是宗教性建築,以清真寺佔絕大多數,我在下一篇會和大家分享。第二大類則是世俗性建築,以位在伊斯坦堡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Topkapi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">皇宮為代表。皇宮位於戰略及商業樞紐,在從黑海到愛琴海和地中海的必經路線上。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIm5rI_5E4GlXV0WwdDHJzc6WovVVf7WYcowhyFdMqrHVvUaOl-yS0Resauag7b4kOqeQbjg1EB_hT1PtPn9Gc_22h0dShYJyzbOLffGIJbOdNgWYP4tEbkKKTgd-32-GmMr5Dme5uNbcq/s1600/geographical+location+of+Topkapi+Palace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1504" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIm5rI_5E4GlXV0WwdDHJzc6WovVVf7WYcowhyFdMqrHVvUaOl-yS0Resauag7b4kOqeQbjg1EB_hT1PtPn9Gc_22h0dShYJyzbOLffGIJbOdNgWYP4tEbkKKTgd-32-GmMr5Dme5uNbcq/s640/geographical+location+of+Topkapi+Palace.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">基於上述的「自然主義」傾向,皇宮的格局以「庭園」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">courtyard</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)為單位,有點像中國建築裡的「進」,不過比較強調庭園。進入第一道庭園的門叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Imperial
Gate</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,通道的上方有三套特別的書法雕寫。最下方的小雕寫,是一位蘇丹的印信(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Tugra</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。鄂圖曼帝國的每位蘇丹,都會有書法家為它設計一個印信。而這個印信因為有一定的模式,例如左方是兩道弧形、中間是三道直線……等等,所以看起來似乎大同小異,其實要看中間下方的細節,才能確定是那一位蘇丹的。中間那組雕寫,在敘述皇宮建造的沿革。而最上方那組接近半圓形的大型雕寫,則是可蘭經第</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">15</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">章裡的部分經文。很特別的是,它是書寫成左右對稱的鏡像。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicRBTBoiLBgGzl4dqUp4nvMWcXQm_MbI-Z3_xpBgZ9f3x0RPP77R331cPbVIfthu0m6-qUIYPc6Di9EUKv0FLEU_smdan_DPBNU1DcF-rCU6W2grU8M0_S5x12N7DkN6yMLnqB86yW63Xc/s1600/satelite+image+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1058" data-original-width="1126" height="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicRBTBoiLBgGzl4dqUp4nvMWcXQm_MbI-Z3_xpBgZ9f3x0RPP77R331cPbVIfthu0m6-qUIYPc6Di9EUKv0FLEU_smdan_DPBNU1DcF-rCU6W2grU8M0_S5x12N7DkN6yMLnqB86yW63Xc/s640/satelite+image+.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJMxuS8itdEZiLW_1iIUc9AjJMt0P9VULJQuLe2CW8KbATD-G99feks8O-jB__bjJJgoB90bDHGL-zMTphl3rZ33_aRrRKZsgrIZktL4Gb_GrADe263E-DR30irbB82QiyydnrreEuLUtM/s1600/IMG_3692+Imperial+Gate+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1140" data-original-width="765" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJMxuS8itdEZiLW_1iIUc9AjJMt0P9VULJQuLe2CW8KbATD-G99feks8O-jB__bjJJgoB90bDHGL-zMTphl3rZ33_aRrRKZsgrIZktL4Gb_GrADe263E-DR30irbB82QiyydnrreEuLUtM/s640/IMG_3692+Imperial+Gate+r+trim+level.jpg" width="428" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiod3I0ocdq1UiJp069zv9Fyxec_ue7U-LklQR1XF4OqHqOxcX3wGqXduwGJQHMDfPxMc7-ZTJBILnFw1TfkC8Pp1xd9CFqjKvW3BD6O_DqmjpkWHiIr0fbZvyff8bwuKljCbpWfS65cH26/s1600/IMG_3695+Imperial+Gate+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiod3I0ocdq1UiJp069zv9Fyxec_ue7U-LklQR1XF4OqHqOxcX3wGqXduwGJQHMDfPxMc7-ZTJBILnFw1TfkC8Pp1xd9CFqjKvW3BD6O_DqmjpkWHiIr0fbZvyff8bwuKljCbpWfS65cH26/s640/IMG_3695+Imperial+Gate+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在鄂圖曼帝國還存在時,來皇宮辦事的人員大都只能到第一道庭園,許多慶典儀式也在這裡舉行。在庭園的一部分,還可以見到有城跺的護牆。另外,在構築皇宮時,有一座很重要的古代建築也被包括到第一道庭園裡,它就是在前兩集提到的拜占庭教堂</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Hagia Irene</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。它與赫赫有名的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年代相仿,都是在西元第六世紀始建的,不過規模較</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia
Sophia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">小。(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Irene</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在希臘文中,是「和平」的意思。)而它被包括進皇宮庭園之後,就一直被當做軍火儲藏室,而沒有像</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia
Sophia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">那樣被改裝成清真寺,所以內部保存得比較完整,算是因為平素而得福。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidgKmODH08g8aabIiT_UaExJ3g4qOrM5LQhnVxyKApSEZM85Ik6i7xjPaGvTBXpR2fnjD1B-BmBAZK_sKnCP3CTo22ZVkx2sCf8C6pVGXn6g1DBb0KX5Sh6IdJbX2P5Kq320Lxiw61sEHe/s1600/IMG_3701+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1507" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidgKmODH08g8aabIiT_UaExJ3g4qOrM5LQhnVxyKApSEZM85Ik6i7xjPaGvTBXpR2fnjD1B-BmBAZK_sKnCP3CTo22ZVkx2sCf8C6pVGXn6g1DBb0KX5Sh6IdJbX2P5Kq320Lxiw61sEHe/s640/IMG_3701+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSGLa5C4k-1T2hv-IwVHcON20bTFMjuEzoNuxJ1M86_h7OKyttJ0C2L2LSk3ZCyQbX4V7JKdidQEYm6p_A0gOdkQ5W1spRnS2JNWrQZO1CTEnMGBCQvSyOJkoOmLfZTwu6-o5Tpy7z4RFF/s1600/IMG_3944+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="1503" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSGLa5C4k-1T2hv-IwVHcON20bTFMjuEzoNuxJ1M86_h7OKyttJ0C2L2LSk3ZCyQbX4V7JKdidQEYm6p_A0gOdkQ5W1spRnS2JNWrQZO1CTEnMGBCQvSyOJkoOmLfZTwu6-o5Tpy7z4RFF/s640/IMG_3944+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">第一道庭園的邊緣地帶,原來還有一些建築來提供皇宮的機能,不過它們大部分都已經被拆除了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49D60ygHJ2Pp6oQeZXXyNpKwBvbyZ6ZdBx3pSjCqim4XGqOfCCuBcH0_BaP9ctFnN01rAc0c8M4_8w5JGew0mDY1A0QyeKRV5PlOlBQ-0KDpR6SUjikJ9y1oQHUTziUW8YBmeByQCXJvs/s1600/IMG_3934+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg49D60ygHJ2Pp6oQeZXXyNpKwBvbyZ6ZdBx3pSjCqim4XGqOfCCuBcH0_BaP9ctFnN01rAc0c8M4_8w5JGew0mDY1A0QyeKRV5PlOlBQ-0KDpR6SUjikJ9y1oQHUTziUW8YBmeByQCXJvs/s640/IMG_3934+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">從第一道庭園到第二道庭園,必須穿過一道</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Gate of Salutation</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Salutation</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是「行禮」的意思),只有蘇丹才能騎馬通過此門,即使宰相,也必須下馬。這一道門,外型類似歐洲中古的城堡,其通道上方的橫額,寫的是回教最著名的信條:「阿拉是唯一的神。穆罕默德是神的信使。」<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我在上面,幫大家將「阿拉」及「穆罕默德」的字樣圈了出來。</span>而其下方的印信,則屬於</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1453</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年攻下君士坦丁堡的有名蘇丹</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mehmed
II</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。通道靠第二道庭園這端的天花板上,有巴洛克式的美麗裝飾。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlaTvUSrybF1BSG-aW2RGLRdniAWybFXDXk9HpBbOYirJDiduYTB6k51bq9XXaHBOvEYLJo0jDWwfkMa5-zNVAR0CdYZ7DXIx4yTbvFC8F7AXoRWcv1I39s2pgXsStNU4eDyAe6y_agTzl/s1600/IMG_3724+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlaTvUSrybF1BSG-aW2RGLRdniAWybFXDXk9HpBbOYirJDiduYTB6k51bq9XXaHBOvEYLJo0jDWwfkMa5-zNVAR0CdYZ7DXIx4yTbvFC8F7AXoRWcv1I39s2pgXsStNU4eDyAe6y_agTzl/s640/IMG_3724+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PQTKCUFXTTkXZReMWtgBfxXVEjXPHnwrajrn3HcldKL8RU_Fz0YydVa9Lrna22FO-BXdLUlAWbtO1PgfeK16wxZvh0uV_Kkr30ZG00sH7OE-M6mQivJGDj4YqOYJAt6IC33-I05Eh5Gl/s1600/IMG_3727+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1500" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2PQTKCUFXTTkXZReMWtgBfxXVEjXPHnwrajrn3HcldKL8RU_Fz0YydVa9Lrna22FO-BXdLUlAWbtO1PgfeK16wxZvh0uV_Kkr30ZG00sH7OE-M6mQivJGDj4YqOYJAt6IC33-I05Eh5Gl/s640/IMG_3727+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> <span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWa8Tnp3Qe6P7TziWssIibvQXm_NKpjOz5Whz0bpB-DVsH1OEOhgikMYKHlR4GrOdKN9TZGL6MZNpSD6ClT5BhnuxV0J0IxfA7IgfwUMSho34SrBneqP0oob_WzodJwswCPtl-jumSGefz/s1600/IMG_3728+Salutation+Gate+with+Tughra+of+Mehmed+II+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWa8Tnp3Qe6P7TziWssIibvQXm_NKpjOz5Whz0bpB-DVsH1OEOhgikMYKHlR4GrOdKN9TZGL6MZNpSD6ClT5BhnuxV0J0IxfA7IgfwUMSho34SrBneqP0oob_WzodJwswCPtl-jumSGefz/s640/IMG_3728+Salutation+Gate+with+Tughra+of+Mehmed+II+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXoYXWncYg9C0yL-MY9hjrMjQA60nFvnfTVbQUJPt7K_YTNALIdgj6mhPatOREOBmhJLvag4sJ85-Wj6NcB-fJvSo99Kj3PplA-zeSfodeE23euAWY5JI7-pqBHwyeM5BDCTBzPfGCUkx5/s1600/IMG_3728+Salutation+Gate+with+Tughra+of+Mehmed+II+-2+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXoYXWncYg9C0yL-MY9hjrMjQA60nFvnfTVbQUJPt7K_YTNALIdgj6mhPatOREOBmhJLvag4sJ85-Wj6NcB-fJvSo99Kj3PplA-zeSfodeE23euAWY5JI7-pqBHwyeM5BDCTBzPfGCUkx5/s640/IMG_3728+Salutation+Gate+with+Tughra+of+Mehmed+II+-2+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfakIs0DS88i_8rUirqdFFXPOrbc1tLckTWWrMGP8CKn7pPPwd3RdE-LkyajlpLDYOd2ra0nLvjJdskDFoscesos6zVQQ0MjpziKHRlyCAg82fUot8TNC8bB6JSE-rUXwcRerbee_48Y1/s1600/IMG_3732+Ceiling+at+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLfakIs0DS88i_8rUirqdFFXPOrbc1tLckTWWrMGP8CKn7pPPwd3RdE-LkyajlpLDYOd2ra0nLvjJdskDFoscesos6zVQQ0MjpziKHRlyCAg82fUot8TNC8bB6JSE-rUXwcRerbee_48Y1/s640/IMG_3732+Ceiling+at+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA5mAQS0FKhm7LPJ9bKHI3_vBJ58dTk9v1djNkoJvuvbrpgc8OXnJxF9L7pBZoZr0v8By3m5SNJgqALEazkUXRLDey2JzAw2TYD_wwmU9j8RJt79i_PedTC5WNtLM3motEG_835m75xFD3/s1600/IMG_3735+Ceiling+at+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1009" data-original-width="1507" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA5mAQS0FKhm7LPJ9bKHI3_vBJ58dTk9v1djNkoJvuvbrpgc8OXnJxF9L7pBZoZr0v8By3m5SNJgqALEazkUXRLDey2JzAw2TYD_wwmU9j8RJt79i_PedTC5WNtLM3motEG_835m75xFD3/s640/IMG_3735+Ceiling+at+Salutation+Gate+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">第二道庭園還保留了不少皇宮原來的建築物,比較醒目的是右手邊靠圍牆的一排大煙囪,那是皇宮的廚房,每天必須準備上千人的餐飲。據說準備給蘇丹的餐飲,必須由廚師自己先嚐,然後由皇室試食官嚐過之後,再呈給蘇丹,以防被下毒。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeL6OVeEMn7VEr4YupIBhtj3EWXNZmRseiLcWOFDMWtLttLXxZyBsjhLWFTZlzsu0hm-VK6qZYIkWUvUu3jRoni5vahpFeXmqegP5S-ZAtlkLAPJi0h56yMP5ZDhzSwGRSWmI8HjE_O6M_/s1600/IMG_3766+Palace+Kitchen+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeL6OVeEMn7VEr4YupIBhtj3EWXNZmRseiLcWOFDMWtLttLXxZyBsjhLWFTZlzsu0hm-VK6qZYIkWUvUu3jRoni5vahpFeXmqegP5S-ZAtlkLAPJi0h56yMP5ZDhzSwGRSWmI8HjE_O6M_/s640/IMG_3766+Palace+Kitchen+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYHzJX6RsvVxwpxBj35bM4EW-7VSnECRBLSVs24j-l_sfMECJLlpwE86FI079d0OHPXM1716GBzd3diDKY6J-oE4ts5WeJAbBglFpaQ02YOMcHU65izmD-L7Fp5quDcWIo0KwA6fdUX9Yf/s1600/IMG_3757+Palace+Kitchen+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1508" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYHzJX6RsvVxwpxBj35bM4EW-7VSnECRBLSVs24j-l_sfMECJLlpwE86FI079d0OHPXM1716GBzd3diDKY6J-oE4ts5WeJAbBglFpaQ02YOMcHU65izmD-L7Fp5quDcWIo0KwA6fdUX9Yf/s640/IMG_3757+Palace+Kitchen+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAtlatiJc55rxhLGtmlSR6Qb_fKZgeQSd8UPVHRXJ3m7VOvJDYmUAyidUCfce6mRJthFIBqp3_XVlz_aaU72GVuY4rwADvZaPFSdlayPtS2NxXMSud01eFhxHtRFu2GDcj8aaCv_iIMJ_7/s1600/IMG_3752+Sokhumi+Fortress+Inscription+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1131" data-original-width="755" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAtlatiJc55rxhLGtmlSR6Qb_fKZgeQSd8UPVHRXJ3m7VOvJDYmUAyidUCfce6mRJthFIBqp3_XVlz_aaU72GVuY4rwADvZaPFSdlayPtS2NxXMSud01eFhxHtRFu2GDcj8aaCv_iIMJ_7/s640/IMG_3752+Sokhumi+Fortress+Inscription+trim+level.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">庭園左前方有一排直角的長廊。而長廊所圍繞的一排有圓頂的房子(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Domed
Chambers</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),則是鄂圖曼帝國的行政中樞,在當地語言被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Divan</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,英文則把它翻譯成「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Imperial
Council</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,是宰相和大臣每天開會議事的地方,因此那一排直角的長廊,就被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Divan Lounge</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Domed
Chambers</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">入口的鏤刻雕飾,極為精緻華麗。蘇丹並不直接參與這個會議,而是隔著一個小窗「垂簾聽政」。在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Domed
Chambers</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的旁邊,有一座西歐式的尖塔,蘇丹「垂簾聽政」的房間,就在此塔的下方。因此,此塔被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Tower
of Justice</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Domed Chambers</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Tower of Justice</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的後方,是皇室成員住的後宮(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Harem</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),可惜我們並沒有時間進去參觀。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGJBpYXcBZrmU8h7lE4ZhyLdgwG2S3aTOoRL_GxAzzZIbVJ0aUFIuPjjxXEQ2u6skCK24sA8OKXNs3wA8n3OtUXqr8C0ZxcdBmqVP-czlmoxjxJWzIqLZ5ImSxBvAheOweFE_2G2xWPb3/s1600/IMG_3744+Divan+Lounge+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1507" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGJBpYXcBZrmU8h7lE4ZhyLdgwG2S3aTOoRL_GxAzzZIbVJ0aUFIuPjjxXEQ2u6skCK24sA8OKXNs3wA8n3OtUXqr8C0ZxcdBmqVP-czlmoxjxJWzIqLZ5ImSxBvAheOweFE_2G2xWPb3/s640/IMG_3744+Divan+Lounge+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjieYvQFeBFnrL-Xov3EHzCxGoXesTBf6ris4JiA7QdHpKWaJuKUaHiwFJ44N_av_HIKiZ1RopTd875G7din5L70wh-DFEYqXGLWq4F8ORVKz_xsRGf4Cls9SdgjFvnQ05_tqmPraTUEfKb/s1600/IMG_3915+Imperial+Council+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1509" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjieYvQFeBFnrL-Xov3EHzCxGoXesTBf6ris4JiA7QdHpKWaJuKUaHiwFJ44N_av_HIKiZ1RopTd875G7din5L70wh-DFEYqXGLWq4F8ORVKz_xsRGf4Cls9SdgjFvnQ05_tqmPraTUEfKb/s640/IMG_3915+Imperial+Council+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikvg_AdoS5PSYp37k5J0qPp03aVfR6Yuz0Eyz2nNwDsVm4TExO70Za5N0DwlQwOBk6sbBKLCXdt4XiRW_K7xSX3a5WBN11U4THGdQjb8nzM21VmTx1FuClImzgIDsqYTGB5mOtC7JfJ98J/s1600/IMG_3916+Imperial+Council+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1509" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikvg_AdoS5PSYp37k5J0qPp03aVfR6Yuz0Eyz2nNwDsVm4TExO70Za5N0DwlQwOBk6sbBKLCXdt4XiRW_K7xSX3a5WBN11U4THGdQjb8nzM21VmTx1FuClImzgIDsqYTGB5mOtC7JfJ98J/s640/IMG_3916+Imperial+Council+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx034faa4OwWYUOvv4vTmLVPP8jjTtXk3962t3imJN8RHpqEb7vmE3LxJn50nq7Jd1KrISXRvNhFdi6E7iIQWMpFlInPz36eruF-2pvAvbNOSwk3E_DuvrsE5GUPnufCYp6QaM5FwUe3rb/s1600/IMG_3912+Tower+of+Justice+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1145" data-original-width="763" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx034faa4OwWYUOvv4vTmLVPP8jjTtXk3962t3imJN8RHpqEb7vmE3LxJn50nq7Jd1KrISXRvNhFdi6E7iIQWMpFlInPz36eruF-2pvAvbNOSwk3E_DuvrsE5GUPnufCYp6QaM5FwUe3rb/s640/IMG_3912+Tower+of+Justice+trim+level.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">由於要分享的照片數目不少,所以我把第三道和第四道庭園,留待下一篇來介紹。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
</span></span> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-70801848788934543352013-12-13T17:50:00.000-08:002018-08-29T14:54:39.926-07:00國際貨幣基金會(International Monetary Fund)和世界銀行(World Bank)<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- April 19, 2018 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></span></o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYbXU0f8PdDcgu1Cjrlp18XhGBpvrhF3oOcrM97i9GB8_QrFzja6AI4hyogOt78-2DZZk28SJdVIonoXjgB0qqUBfDS0SAOOz-x5B-8FffL5NVGNmf-P9qP-Q2kUY1OR9md-M2Kh9EULEr/s1600/Mount+Washington+Hotel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYbXU0f8PdDcgu1Cjrlp18XhGBpvrhF3oOcrM97i9GB8_QrFzja6AI4hyogOt78-2DZZk28SJdVIonoXjgB0qqUBfDS0SAOOz-x5B-8FffL5NVGNmf-P9qP-Q2kUY1OR9md-M2Kh9EULEr/s640/Mount+Washington+Hotel.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">從二十世紀初,各國的政治經濟界就開始注意到全球性經濟和金融組織的重要性。在歷經兩次世界大戰的摧殘之後,全球性經濟和金融組織的必要性更加迫切。於是,在西歐國家的領導之下,兩個相關的全球性經濟和金融組織在西元</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1945</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年誕生了。它們分別是「國際貨幣基金會」(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">International
Monetary Fund</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)和「世界銀行」(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">World Bank</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)。七十年過去了,這兩個組織的宗旨及功能屢經數變,可是它們的全球性影響力仍然方興未艾,所以相當值得大家對它們的認識。<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">第二次世界大戰形成的原因很多。在金融方面的一個常被提到的原因,是德國在第一次戰後以支付戰敗國贖款的名義,向國外借了許多錢,可是並沒有認真地去付贖款,而是把這些貸款的相當部分用在社會支出上面。於是,當國外的貸源不再流入時,德國的經濟就大受壓力,而進一步助長了當時正在崛起的國家主義(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Nationalism</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">簡稱「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Nazi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">」(納粹))。同時,第二次世界大戰結束時,許多國家因為戰爭的支出,而積欠了許多債務,國際金融陷於相當緊繃的狀態,債權國和債務國都急切需要一個全球性的金融組織來協調溝通,及互通有無,以逐漸消弭國際金融的緊繃的狀態。於是在主要的債權國</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">——</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">美國,和主要的債務國</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">——</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">英國的號召之下,所有同盟國的代表,在美國</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">New Hampshire</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">州的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> Bretton Woods</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">召開大會,史稱</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Bretton Woods Conference</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">」。它的兩位主導人是美國的代表</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> Harry Duster White</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">和英國的代表</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">——</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">赫赫有名的經濟學家「凱恩斯」(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">John Maynard
Keynes</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)。<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHB3ZOrnmvM0hlQ4JWPnvgRObrwkjlWJ1fhiZd73E61bFECthM-EdDE2nEAG2Y4bnKQ_Psi-TBFXS9A3HZXabAWHmB4zFIG1_tphRdoOAvmTxBQwBsv31Z0Bh_Hd2LcSU5ui3Q-BO7T5c/s1600/Brent+Woods+Conference+%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25BD%258D%25E7%25BD%25AE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="1506" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJHB3ZOrnmvM0hlQ4JWPnvgRObrwkjlWJ1fhiZd73E61bFECthM-EdDE2nEAG2Y4bnKQ_Psi-TBFXS9A3HZXabAWHmB4zFIG1_tphRdoOAvmTxBQwBsv31Z0Bh_Hd2LcSU5ui3Q-BO7T5c/s640/Brent+Woods+Conference+%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25BD%258D%25E7%25BD%25AE.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bretton Woods Conference
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">的主要結果之一,是催生了國際貨幣基金會和世界銀行。總部都設在美國的首都華盛頓,這是因為當時的美國總統羅斯福和財政部長</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,想把世界金融中心從倫敦和紐約搬到華盛頓。這一對兄弟組織被付與了不同的最初宗旨,一言以蔽之:國際貨幣基金會著眼於整個國家層次的財務問題,而世界銀行則關注在解決特定社會問題所需要的財務資源。 </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">國際貨幣基金會的最初重心活動在於規範匯率。在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bretton Woods Conference </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">中,各國同意遵行以美元當中介貨幣的金本位(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gold Standard</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)貨幣制度。國際貨幣基金會就致力於監控匯率的穩定性。後來在西元</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1971</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年,美國放棄美元扮演中介貨幣的的角色,因而導致金本位制度的結束。從此國際貨幣基金會將其重心活動,轉移到提供資源、資訊、及技術指導,來幫助一些國家渡過財政危機。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">在提供資源上,國際貨幣基金會的主要工具是「有條件的貸款」。其貸款資金的來源,是會員國所繳交的配額。配額的大小,與該國的經濟規模有關,最近的前三名分別是美國(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">18%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)、日本(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6.5%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)、和中國(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6.5%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)。而各國在國際貨幣基金會決策的投票票數,也大致與配額成正比。貸款金額的貨幣單位,不是單獨的國家貨幣,而是由數種主要國家貨幣組成的單位,稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Special Drawing Right</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">」(特別提款權,縮寫成「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">SDR</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">」)。人民幣在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> 2016</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年被加入</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">SDR</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">的組成,目前的組成是:美元大約佔了</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">42%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,歐元大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> 31%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,人民幣大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,日圓大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">8.3%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,英鎊大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">8.1%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">從</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年至目前,一個</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">SDR</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">大約相當於</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1.55</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">個美元。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">「有條件的貸款」的「條件」,通常是要求借款國家,推行國際貨幣基金會所為之設計的經濟金融改革,以便該國可以渡過金融危機,而於不久的將來有能力償還向國際貨幣基金會的貸款。為了方便監督借款國家的確在進行經濟金融改革,國際貨幣基金會的貸款通常是分期支付的,同時每一季都設有改革的指數目標。如果離目標太遠,國際貨幣基金會會決定停止支付下一季的貸款。<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">國際貨幣基金會的貸款,分成非優惠型(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">non-concessional</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)和優惠型(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">concessional</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)兩大類,優惠型是專門以貧窮國家為對象。以總貸款金額來看,非優惠型佔了大多數。譬如說,在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> 1995-2004</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年期間,每年批准的非優惠型貸款,大概在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">SDR20
billions </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">百億美元)到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">40 billions </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">百億美元)之間。而每年批准的優惠型貸款僅有大概在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">SDR1 billion </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">15</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">億美元)到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2 billions </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">30</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">億美元)之間,大約僅佔</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">5%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">。在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年,國際貨幣基金會主要會員國同意投入更多資金,將國際貨幣基金會的貸款能力增加三倍到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">75</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">億美元。此後,每年批准的非優惠型貸款,也大幅上昇至</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">SDR40 billions </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">百億美元)到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">70 billions </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(大約</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">千億美元)之間。</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBD7GKANQl8ZVNT_2pP66Qqw2VK9blisZEFPaQgVrq0UEjedX5A2TyaSBGw7O5ykKn75rLVqx8lb2bG77cxj0tNo-dukDw3oBVI1rxFgjl789dfi0k4eNXY5a628-Buuo9CjsRafVR6wd/s1600/Past+IMF+Loan+Disbursement+and+Repayment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="1312" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSBD7GKANQl8ZVNT_2pP66Qqw2VK9blisZEFPaQgVrq0UEjedX5A2TyaSBGw7O5ykKn75rLVqx8lb2bG77cxj0tNo-dukDw3oBVI1rxFgjl789dfi0k4eNXY5a628-Buuo9CjsRafVR6wd/s640/Past+IMF+Loan+Disbursement+and+Repayment.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">國際貨幣基金會所參與過解決的大型財政危機,包括了</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1982</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年的石油危機、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1991</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年開始的共產集團解體、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1997</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年的東南亞貨幣危機、</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1998</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年的俄國財政危機、和</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2007</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年開始的美國房貸金融危機(之後並擴散到好幾個其他國家)。我把國際貨幣基金會從</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1984</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年到</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2017</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年貸款的支附及回收,作成了一張圖,並在圖中標示了共產集團解體、東南亞貨幣危機、俄國財政危機、和美國房貸金融危機的時間點。從這個圖可以看出來全球經濟體,的確在這幾個財政危機中,向國際貨幣基金會求助了相當大量的貸款。所以可以合理地推測:國際貨幣基金會在平息這些財政危機上,應該扮演了重要的角色。同時,從這些資料中也可以計算出:國際貨幣基金會貸款的償債率相當高,達到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">97%</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">。 </span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">除了貸款之外,國際貨幣基金會每年會為會員國咨詢一次,提供國際貨幣基金會的研究分析資料及建議。國際貨幣基金會也將許多它的分析資料公開,成了國際經濟金融資料的一個主要來源,為學術研究和政府的國際經濟決策,提供了寶貴的資訊。<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">像國際貨幣基金會這樣眾目所矚的機構,自然會招來不少的批評,也的確會有一些缺失。譬如說,它的貸款所附加的改革條件,雖然從經濟學的眼光來大部分是合理的,但還是被一些人批評是干預國家主權,或是不夠量身訂做。也有人批評說:可以貸款的可能性,會讓不肖政客更加肆無忌憚。另外,國際貨幣基金會的內部運作是否廉潔公正,也有人質疑。譬如說:最近國際貨幣基金會核准對希臘貸款的過程,就有人發現相當草率<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,連國際貨幣基金會自己的內規都沒遵守</span>。最丟臉的,是過去兩屆的行政首長</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Managing Director</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,都因為個人醜聞而下台。不過平心而論,國際貨幣基金會還是利多於敝。要是沒有國際貨幣基金會作為緩衝的水庫,前述那幾個世界性的財政危機,很可能會造成更大的波瀾。而這些波瀾,則可能會擴散成政治與社會的動亂,像第二次世界大戰前德國國家主義(納粹)的興起,財經問題就扮演了重要的助燃角色。<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1944</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Bretton Woods Conference</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">所催生的另外一個重要機構,是「世界銀行」(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">World Bank</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)。「世界銀行」的初始名稱是「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">」(國際復興開發銀行,簡稱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">IBRD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)(其實我個人覺得:「</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Reconstruction</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">」翻譯成「重建」比「復興」來得貼切一些。)。後來又有四個相關的組織成立,而「國際復興開發銀行」與其中在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">1960</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年成立的「國際開發協會」(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">International
Development Association</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,簡稱</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">IDA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)被合稱為「世界銀行」。而全部五個組織,則被合稱為「世界銀行集團」(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">World Bank Group</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)。下面的介紹,我會集中在「世界銀行」。 </span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">各國在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">IBRD</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">和</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> IDA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">的配額並不相同。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">IBRD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">的前六大配額國依次為美國、日本、中國、德國、法國、和英國。而</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">IDA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">的前六大配額國則依次為美國、日本、英國、德國、法國、和沙烏地阿拉伯。<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">如同國際貨幣基金會,世界銀行的主旨也經歷過數變,一開始是放眼在援助被第二世界大戰破壞的地區的重健,後來則大致環繞在援助落後社區重建、普及教育、消除貧窮、增進健康(傳染病防治、營養、和衛生等等)、促進農業、保護環境</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">……</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">等方向,與國際貨幣基金會以整個國家的財政為主要援助對象的主旨,有顯然的不同,不過兩者之間難免有重複之處。同時,因為世界銀行援助的層級較低,每批貸款的金額也比較小,不過貸款的批數遠多於國際貨幣基金會,所以總額還是相當龐大,像</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2010</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年的貸款支付,就高達</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">4</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">百億美元。除了貸款,它也提供相關領域的咨詢,並且公開它在這些領域所搜急到的資料及分析結果。</span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">像國際貨幣基金會一樣,世界銀行的貸款也是分成非優惠型和優惠型兩大類。非優惠型由</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">IBRD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">經手;而優惠型則由</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">IDA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">經手,後者專門提供給貧窮地區。我把這兩大類貸款近年來的貸出金額作了一張圖,從圖上可以看出:除了</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2009</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2011</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年這一段國際性經濟蕭條的期間之外,優惠型貸款的總額並沒有比非優惠型貸款小很多,這和在國際貨幣基金會的情況很不相同,反映出了這兩個組織的視野之間的差異。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCqbpsQv2-6PDJ50SDOUrgxlLdUJ_fjwTBzxOHS-CeZKpnJwFyg9gXUrRclK2_ptM1uwzkWGPGduSGAYk2Rn91B_IRa3fzZ6Laa45ms73V0bT2EoVrMrjpdBBvGjIirm733l7poVib-0qY/s1600/World+Bank+Annual+Loan+Disbursement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="1212" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCqbpsQv2-6PDJ50SDOUrgxlLdUJ_fjwTBzxOHS-CeZKpnJwFyg9gXUrRclK2_ptM1uwzkWGPGduSGAYk2Rn91B_IRa3fzZ6Laa45ms73V0bT2EoVrMrjpdBBvGjIirm733l7poVib-0qY/s640/World+Bank+Annual+Loan+Disbursement.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">世界銀行現任總裁在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2012</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年的任命,更進一步地突顯了它和國際貨幣基金會之間的差異。這位總裁是韓裔美籍的</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Jim Yong Kim</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(韓文名字的漢字為「金墉」,</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Jim</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">應該是後來加上的。),是一位醫師,其經歷偏向於公共衛生,特別是落後地區的傳染病防治,也當過哈佛大學醫學院的教授、和一所長春藤大學(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dartmouth College</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)的校長,可是完全不是出身於財經界,卻被當時的美國總統歐巴馬,提名出任全球最大銀行的總裁。他的任命,顯示出歐巴馬希望世界銀行能更進一步地貢獻在增進人類的福祉。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Jim Yong Kim</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">的第一個任期顯然受到了不少肯定,所以在</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> 2016</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年,他被世界銀行的主要會員國一致通過續任五年。(順便提一下:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2005</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年到</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">2007</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">年的總裁是</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Paul Wolfowitz</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">為現任「美台商業協會」(</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">US-Taiwan Business
Council</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">)的主席。)</span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">就像國際貨幣基金會一樣,世界銀行也受到了不少批評。最常見的是有人批評世界銀行所給與貸款的開發計劃,做了違反人道、或是破壞生態的行為。例如蓋水庫會要遷移居民、開發農業會破壞原始森林或威脅原住民文化、工業建設會蠶食農地</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">……</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">等等。其實這些問題的源頭,大部分來自於申請貸款或執行計劃的單位,而不是世界銀行。不過,世界銀行的確可以加強貸款前的審核,及放款後的監督,來減少這些負面效果。<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">從第二次世界大戰結束到今天,已經有七十多年了。這麼長的大區域和平期間是很令人珍惜的。是不是國際貨幣基金會和世界銀行幫忙吸收了這期間部分的波瀾呢?另外,世界銀行是不是顯著地幫助了增進人類在和平期間的福祉呢?相信歷史會給我們一個明確的答案。</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br /></div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-31612042543944704232013-12-13T17:35:00.000-08:002018-08-29T15:10:30.702-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十七) 伊斯坦堡Istanbul (三) — 從突厥汗國到伊斯坦堡<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- January 30, 2018 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span><br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3HzWmC9dPAoR3CqM-2qv9gT9NERoZ5aeowpk1Vyh0_hsvzF6tOmwRxhUxbCEmBR_9jEHV3Iaz1bwM6w2VLVwGcZEFOstkVWjrQ-H_fA2Azx-Zqz3FKmDc4WtUkm33OptQFBX_wRBhlouI/s1600/IMG_2119+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1095" data-original-width="1508" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3HzWmC9dPAoR3CqM-2qv9gT9NERoZ5aeowpk1Vyh0_hsvzF6tOmwRxhUxbCEmBR_9jEHV3Iaz1bwM6w2VLVwGcZEFOstkVWjrQ-H_fA2Azx-Zqz3FKmDc4WtUkm33OptQFBX_wRBhlouI/s640/IMG_2119+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">相信不少朋友聽說過:遠在愛琴海域建立鄂圖曼帝國的土耳其人,與漢民族其實有很深遠的恩怨情仇。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">讓時光倒流至西元</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">550</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,正當中國南北朝末年,在中國北方及西北方的草原,崛起了一股新興的勢力,就是大家熟悉的「突厥」。突厥與漢朝時期匈奴的承續關係,學術界尚未定論,倒是像「敕勒」、「柔然」這些草原部族,和突厥早期歷史的關係比較清楚。突厥原為柔然之下的一個部族,它自立起門戶,是在西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 552
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,其首領「土門」率眾擊潰柔然,建立起汗國,自稱為「伊利可汗」,成為漠北草原的新霸主。時為中國南北朝的北齊和梁朝,比隋文帝<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">篡北周、滅陳朝、統一中原要早了三十多年</span>。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在中國從南北朝的紛爭局面進行統一的那幾十年,突厥汗國迅速成長<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,成為亞洲草原的霸主</span>。不過在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 584
AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、其第四任的可汗去世之後,汗國繼位的爭端引發了一場多方面的內戰。內戰的結果,是突厥汗國一分為二:現今的外蒙以北地區為「東突厥汗國」;現今的哈薩克斯坦共和國</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kazakhstan</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)地區,則為「西突厥汗國」。隨後東突厥汗國的勢力,繼續向東擴張至現今的東北以北地區,成了隋、唐兩朝的北方大患。而西突厥汗國的勢力,也繼續向西擴張至現今的高加索山地區。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLt9GXibHvrUBrr4RpQuu_9PPAfVg1WG6izWmD1265zqcxGVtxKA0XTkjNYuKFztc83YGGJ684N7XlvhqPhPMMTNGnKvEYACaCFxCnwHsJIMuz8T4LQNOuZrOJv4xznwhAUqEjaWuVOE2Z/s1600/Eastern+and+Wester+Turkic+Khanates.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="1600" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLt9GXibHvrUBrr4RpQuu_9PPAfVg1WG6izWmD1265zqcxGVtxKA0XTkjNYuKFztc83YGGJ684N7XlvhqPhPMMTNGnKvEYACaCFxCnwHsJIMuz8T4LQNOuZrOJv4xznwhAUqEjaWuVOE2Z/s640/Eastern+and+Wester+Turkic+Khanates.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">唐太宗即位之後,即致力於與東突厥汗國的抗爭。除了以貞觀之治富庶國力之外,在外交上他與藏族的吐番媾和,以便集中兵力於北方。在軍事上他戮力發展漢族過去不太重視的騎兵,以適應與突厥的作戰方式。同時,西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 627-629</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年漠北大寒,顯著地削弱了東突厥的國力。西元</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">630</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,唐軍在名將李靖等人的率領下(不是「封神榜」裡面的李靖),大敗東突厥軍隊,東突厥汗國隨即潰亡,只剩下「薛延陀」等向唐軍倒戈的支部落,在唐朝的監視下茍延殘喘。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">西突厥汗國其實一開始並未造成對唐朝的直接威脅,也和唐朝時而保持聯盟。但是後來唐朝想向西域發展時,兩者還是有所衝突。於是唐高宗在西元</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">657</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,趁西突厥內政不穩時,派大將蘇定芳將西突厥汗國消滅了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 679</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,一些突厥汗國的殘部脫離唐朝的掌握而獨立,史稱「後突厥汗國」。它延續至西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 777</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,被同屬突厥文化的回紇汗國(後代為今天的維吾爾人)所消滅。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">以前常聽說:突厥人是在被唐朝擊敗之後,才向西遷徙。其實在西突厥汗國時期,突厥勢力就已經達到裡海與黑海之間的高加索山了。之後的再延伸至土耳其半島和君士坦丁堡附近,已經不是很長的遷徙了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiv4XkESwndg9RYnkueE40SHxhxWIraTHVL5EPYHhqgAtjFgp_swVIhTJxcpuKjhGeaUlcZYwGj6EHM5h7vQ8bS0TgwEYEvJz-E_IY_S_iDzd8RbupmmUpM-5BAzfLxAHxEhpLQPdUtr_E/s1600/IMG_4263+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1131" data-original-width="1500" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiv4XkESwndg9RYnkueE40SHxhxWIraTHVL5EPYHhqgAtjFgp_swVIhTJxcpuKjhGeaUlcZYwGj6EHM5h7vQ8bS0TgwEYEvJz-E_IY_S_iDzd8RbupmmUpM-5BAzfLxAHxEhpLQPdUtr_E/s640/IMG_4263+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「突厥」一詞,一開始是有比較單純的血緣意義。但是當突厥勢力大幅擴張時,與當地人的通婚與融合,讓「突厥」一詞也部分包含了語言與文化上的意義。當「突厥汗國」的政治體消滅之後,其散居各地的遺民,還是承續了突厥語言體系與文化,繼續存生存發展。他們有的、或有時組成自立的國度,有時則暫且為當地強權服務,侍機而起。像中國、波斯、回教哈理發國、和蒙古帝國,都曾經用過不少突厥軍人及文官。譬如說,稍早提到的回紇汗國,就曾經在唐朝平定安史之亂上,扮演了重要的角色。又如蒙古帝國的各個汗國陸續衰亡之後,唯一能夠繼承蒙古帝國遺輝的「鐵木兒帝國」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Timurid
Empire</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),以及其繼承者、佔領大部份的印度半島長達三百年的「蒙兀兒帝國」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mughal Empire</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),其實都是突厥人的後裔。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這些突厥文化的後裔,在漫長的歲月中,有些被其他文化同化,但是也有不少固守其語言文化傳統至今。在今日,還保持以突厥語言文化為主要傳統的族群,總人數超過</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 1.7</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">億人,多過俄羅斯或日本的人口。其中比較主要的族群有土耳其人(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Turkish
people</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、哈薩克人(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kazakhs</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、烏茲別克人(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Uzbeks</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、維吾爾人(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Uyghurs</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、亞塞拜然人(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Azerbaijanis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、土庫曼人(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Turkmen</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、克爾吉斯人(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kyrgyz
people</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)……等等。</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvNimpT1VeCTCFhK41NH_bOWyJvqqvWkrlWrPS-fjexTEqbkYCdX78CbBZQAnTu7RDzsb_wcTtRqNT0w0mHfoo4QFKGpaaiPwoAICmJhBfNFZdp0uwmG3bj3WCC-OSBuxjnFSql2vm59_J/s1600/modern+Turkish+states.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="859" data-original-width="1600" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvNimpT1VeCTCFhK41NH_bOWyJvqqvWkrlWrPS-fjexTEqbkYCdX78CbBZQAnTu7RDzsb_wcTtRqNT0w0mHfoo4QFKGpaaiPwoAICmJhBfNFZdp0uwmG3bj3WCC-OSBuxjnFSql2vm59_J/s640/modern+Turkish+states.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">西突厥汗國滅亡之後,繼承突厥文化傳統的許多小國,在從新疆到中亞的區域輪流地此起彼落,族繁不及備載。其中和後世突厥裔的兩大帝國(塞爾柱土耳其帝國–</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Seljuk
Turkish Empire </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和稍晚的鄂圖曼土耳其帝國)比較有關係的,是處於裏海以東的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oghuz</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(烏骨斯人)。烏骨斯人曾經於西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">750-1055
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年之間,在裏海東邊建立了一個國家。這個國家被其他突厥族群滅亡之際,其貴族之一</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Seljuk
beg</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的後人率眾往西遷移,建立了最盛期東起貝加爾湖、西至土耳其半島的大帝國,也就是「塞爾柱土耳其帝國」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Seljuk
Turkish Empire</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),期間是西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1037-1194 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年。此一帝國吸收了大量的波斯文化及制度,為突厥文化注入了新的力量。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">另外與烏骨斯人幾乎同時,從西元</span> 650 <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt;">到 </span>969 <span lang="ZH-TW">年,在裏海與黑海之間也有一個突厥裔建立的 </span>Khazar Khaganate <span lang="ZH-TW">(可薩汗國)。這是在西突厥汗國之後、塞爾柱帝國之前的那段空檔期間裡,最強大的突厥裔國家。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF7CYixJYUeGctMs568W5Uc0UkpI-ipuIc3KXLn-XzOflAn96bAtv3HM0kCcSNNJHwkCId2NENbI_wmuwOf3nDnGrbXGRzzV883WmmQrRlhh2fagXoPdQbn-4Apr5z3BGzyVdP1Rz9s3nz/s1600/Oghuz+and+Khazars.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="1600" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF7CYixJYUeGctMs568W5Uc0UkpI-ipuIc3KXLn-XzOflAn96bAtv3HM0kCcSNNJHwkCId2NENbI_wmuwOf3nDnGrbXGRzzV883WmmQrRlhh2fagXoPdQbn-4Apr5z3BGzyVdP1Rz9s3nz/s640/Oghuz+and+Khazars.jpg" width="640" /></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkR6HM7WijGnbFAQRq7KXeMa4oI1ioe3Dnz-4u0YNBDegOOLo9PB3IXc_wzIlTnDnPdUPY-zYI6e8Hl3gCfhZwMfxwul7tfDVAk3wvjFcqupSeaUI2_ccH5cBMrdEOZHpFWm8b6g8dMwcj/s1600/Seljuk+Empire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="1600" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkR6HM7WijGnbFAQRq7KXeMa4oI1ioe3Dnz-4u0YNBDegOOLo9PB3IXc_wzIlTnDnPdUPY-zYI6e8Hl3gCfhZwMfxwul7tfDVAk3wvjFcqupSeaUI2_ccH5cBMrdEOZHpFWm8b6g8dMwcj/s640/Seljuk+Empire.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">塞爾柱土耳其帝國在後期,面對了歐洲基督教國家的第一次和第二次十字軍東征,再加上其內部的分裂,而開始衰弱。它在西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1055
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,被另外一個突厥後裔國「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Khwarezm</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(花剌子模)所滅,不過花剌子模不久之後就遭逢蒙古的西征而滅亡。在蒙古勢力橫掃歐亞的那大約一百年期間,幾乎沒有國家可以倖免,各突厥族群也得採取低姿態,成為蒙古的附庸國。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">當蒙古的勢力逐漸衰弱之後,各地的突厥族群也逐漸復甦。其中以在土耳其半島西半部、直接面對拜占庭勢力的鄂圖曼部族最為成功。他們也是前述的「烏骨斯人」的後裔,不過和「塞爾柱帝國」的統治者,分屬不同的部族。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">當鄂圖曼部族興起時,東羅馬帝國已經衰弱了,衰弱的主因包括了回教勢力的強大,帝國宮廷的內鬥、以及第四次十字軍對君士坦丁堡的破壞劫掠。不過它還保有巴爾幹半島的南半,和土耳其半島的西端。西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1301
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,鄂圖曼與東羅馬帝國進行了一場決定性的戰役(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Battle
of Bapheus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),結果東羅馬帝國大敗,損失了土耳其半島西端的領土,也耗盡了帝國僅剩的軍隊。從此,東羅馬帝國只能靠僱用傭兵來茍延殘喘了。諷刺的是,在有些東羅馬帝國的內鬥中,內鬥雙方都僱用突厥裔的傭兵,這讓鄂圖曼很容易就滲透進東羅馬帝國在巴爾幹半島南半的腹地。到了西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1395
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,東羅馬帝國就僅剩下君士坦丁堡及其周邊的彈丸之地了。</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr8Z0T_pfjWml0rGluo4gvIu-m0VzKvm-b2WQbzFvXoQJ09yUe1Aag7vhSEbeMr6bm4aBs3X_zbuttpuQidQjYpuIkh50RkAK9IbVyZUUHf5ecKWrkm2jaC92e9ixWZQT0hnM5PF6cjTh2/s1600/1325+AD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1109" data-original-width="1529" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr8Z0T_pfjWml0rGluo4gvIu-m0VzKvm-b2WQbzFvXoQJ09yUe1Aag7vhSEbeMr6bm4aBs3X_zbuttpuQidQjYpuIkh50RkAK9IbVyZUUHf5ecKWrkm2jaC92e9ixWZQT0hnM5PF6cjTh2/s640/1325+AD.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">不過此時,東羅馬帝國得到一個喘息的機會:蒙古帝國的殘餘勢力在鐵木兒</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Timur</span>)的領導之下,在鄂圖曼蘇丹國的東方建立起一個強大的鐵木兒帝國(<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Timurid Empire</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span>,試圖重振蒙古帝國的光榮。在西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1396
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,鐵木兒忽然因為細故而西進,大敗鄂圖曼蘇丹國。幸好他志在東進中國,並沒有乘勝向西追擊,鄂圖曼蘇丹國才沒有徹底覆亡,不過已經元氣大傷了。後來經歷了三任英明的蘇丹,和數十年的勵精圖治,才又復興過來,而於西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1453
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年攻下了君士坦丁堡<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,結束了茍延殘喘的東羅馬帝國,也為鄂圖曼土耳其帝國揭開了序幕</span>。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-70706032718813959452013-12-13T17:30:00.000-08:002018-08-29T13:52:38.909-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十六) 伊斯坦堡 Istanbul (二) — 宏偉的拜占庭建築<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- August 16, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpC-AIRDaDRAcrf_ORCa0Ms8aCxk4Wqi_pGD2H1DDi1rPVbXHzdT8AsNopznTq1xTsxgR9UZYCf-A-ZCQd4TBA6iiS_KVORlSjU-vzkniiVXR9SloDi2NvRwr2bxlSQ3IXOSZmlx59Ctl3/s1600/IMG_4652+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1006" data-original-width="1502" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpC-AIRDaDRAcrf_ORCa0Ms8aCxk4Wqi_pGD2H1DDi1rPVbXHzdT8AsNopznTq1xTsxgR9UZYCf-A-ZCQd4TBA6iiS_KVORlSjU-vzkniiVXR9SloDi2NvRwr2bxlSQ3IXOSZmlx59Ctl3/s640/IMG_4652+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">不少華人,對伊斯坦堡的歷史和建築,相對地比對西歐的歷史和建築來得陌生。伊斯坦堡的歷史建築,基本上可以區分成兩大時期:在羅馬帝國/東羅馬帝國那一千多年的建築形式,被稱為「拜占庭建築」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Byzantine
Architecture</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。而在鄂圖曼土耳其帝國那四百年的建築形式,則被稱為「鄂圖曼建築」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ottoman Architecture</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。後者一方面受到前者很大的影響,另一方面也帶進了許多新的元素。由於兩者之間不少相似的地區,所以一併介紹,會引起大家不少的混淆。因此我在這篇文章中,會先介紹「拜占庭建築」,待到稍後一、兩篇,再導入「鄂圖曼建築」。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我在另外較早的篇節中,曾經詳細介紹過東方正教的建築形式。(請參見拙作「愛琴海之旅(十一):</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">探看東方正教教堂的建築」</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_57.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_57.html</span></a>
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">其中提到說:西歐教堂的建築平面圖,大都呈長方形。但是東方正教教堂的建築平面圖,則大都趨向方形(或是像八角形那樣的中心取向圖形)。東方正教教堂的這種趨勢,就是在「拜占庭建築」裡發展起來的。在君士坦丁堡興起的最初兩、三百年裡,其實長方形和方形的教堂皆有所見。我在下面所要介紹的三座始建於君士坦丁堡早期的教堂,其中兩座便是方形的,另外一座則是長方形的。但是後來方形的設計在君士坦丁堡佔了上風,而成了「拜占庭建築」的第一大特色。影響所及,成了後代東方正教教堂的範本,甚至連幾座西歐的教堂,也深受其影響,其中有兩座相當知名。一座是位在威尼斯的聖馬可教堂(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Saint
Mark’s Cathedral</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),它其實是現存「拜占庭建築」的史蹟中,最為精緻的珍貴遺產。另外一座,則是羅馬梵諦岡的聖彼得教堂(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Saint
Peter’s Cathedral</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),它它在最初幾位設計師的手裡,包括米開蘭基羅,都是方形的平面。後來的設計師,才將它的一側加長。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnBkuaa-ZpPo6nvI5Gd52xJ1_DP1w5g_Vt05uYW-TkcFiVNBRJ8BmWZ9SehLHOm6hdcU8g-PcDZMF1SBi40pFnNnQjigpaLS3TTHGUDY-VSQaZn_mGW8ORgiwd1buriAJtkiwnIJ0GoRy/s1600/Latin+Cross+and+Greek+Cross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="640" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnBkuaa-ZpPo6nvI5Gd52xJ1_DP1w5g_Vt05uYW-TkcFiVNBRJ8BmWZ9SehLHOm6hdcU8g-PcDZMF1SBi40pFnNnQjigpaLS3TTHGUDY-VSQaZn_mGW8ORgiwd1buriAJtkiwnIJ0GoRy/s640/Latin+Cross+and+Greek+Cross.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495284941"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「拜占庭建築」的第二大特色,是</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">圓頂的廣泛使用,與西歐教堂的尖頂或山形頂的發展趨勢大異徑庭。而且不少君士坦丁堡的教堂,除了中央有一座大圓頂之外,旁邊還附有兩個以上的半圓頂或是小圓頂。這種多重圓頂的傳統,在東羅馬帝國覆亡之後,深受其征服者鄂圖曼土耳其的喜愛,而廣為採納在清真寺的建築上。它也向東北傳入斯拉夫人的地區,不過可能是要適應斯拉夫地區嚴寒多雪的氣候,而逐漸轉型成多個較小的洋蔥頂。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrLGEY7H5wRNIPErVUrfVGzrzNNAf1vWY4V5lQsGjWbz8hV2X7Hwkmb9wJW2SCOh3jYGDlPl64W-4mUTpFnGb1IgX-hClK-fg4A_zTW9twMaUmGYXlWLU8i8BB5mwowyHidzU-L6POaAD8/s1600/IMG_1170+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="427" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrLGEY7H5wRNIPErVUrfVGzrzNNAf1vWY4V5lQsGjWbz8hV2X7Hwkmb9wJW2SCOh3jYGDlPl64W-4mUTpFnGb1IgX-hClK-fg4A_zTW9twMaUmGYXlWLU8i8BB5mwowyHidzU-L6POaAD8/s640/IMG_1170+level.jpg" width="426" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">方型平面與大圓頂的結合,創造出寬闊的無柱空間,這與西歐教堂裡被柱列<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">大幅</span>分割的空間大異其趣。再則,西歐的長型教堂讓信眾與聖壇之間,比較容易因為長距離而產生敬畏之心。而「拜占庭建築」的方型設計,則讓儀式的進行地點比較接近信眾的分布中心。這反應出兩種不同的教會文化。另一方面,這也為「拜占庭建築」帶來了幾個挑戰。其中最大的挑戰,是大型圓頂的結構強度。不少大型圓頂就曾經在大地震中損毀,而需要重建。其他的挑戰包括了如何將圓頂的重量啣接到其下的方形屋牆?以及大型圓頂的採光問題。這些挑戰,後來都找到了精巧的解決方案。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「拜占庭建築」的第三大特色,是其內部裝飾以鑲嵌畫(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mosaic</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)為主。這和西歐古教堂以雕刻為主的趨勢不同。而這些鑲嵌畫裡大部分是肖像畫,可惜的是:從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">726AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">到</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">787AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之間,和從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">726AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 842AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之間,興起了幾次很激烈的反對肖像畫的風潮,史稱</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Iconoclasm</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,許多古教堂的原始鑲嵌畫都被毀壞,今日所見的,大部分是這個時期結束後的補作或修復。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmp4D9eJfN37fEF7i1qC81NeJuq0qNhHPL0yjNULoIF35ax5IWLH8_jyczHjL8cb_0KJZZQ5D6QDVW7bKt5eKdBalXtRqhByiR9grrQFKMNeG9cVQj8ceUWWPGFDaFRQqNfiZupVzBljdX/s1600/IMG_2192+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1023" data-original-width="1503" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmp4D9eJfN37fEF7i1qC81NeJuq0qNhHPL0yjNULoIF35ax5IWLH8_jyczHjL8cb_0KJZZQ5D6QDVW7bKt5eKdBalXtRqhByiR9grrQFKMNeG9cVQj8ceUWWPGFDaFRQqNfiZupVzBljdX/s640/IMG_2192+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">位在義大利半島東北部的威尼斯共和國,在中世紀是一個舉足輕重的勢力(請參考另外一篇拙文:「威尼斯之美」</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2483.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_2483.html</span></a>
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。它起先和位在<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495287749"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495287562"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk495287749;">君士坦丁堡</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk495287749;">的</span>大主教關係良好,可是到了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1200
AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">左右,雙方的矛盾日益加深,在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1202</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年誓師的第四次十字軍,原本是要去攻打回教勢力佔領的地區,但是在威尼斯共和國的指使之下,卻轉向攻打基督教自己的要塞–君士坦丁堡。他們在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1204</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年攻陷了君士坦丁堡之後,隨即進行了大規模的迫害和劫掠,造就了十字軍史上的最大醜聞。君士坦丁堡的許多傑出的拜占廷建築,都在此次城破之際遭到了很大的破壞。相較之下,後來鄂圖曼土耳其帝國對拜占廷建築所作的改變及破壞,反而沒基督教勢力自己所作的破壞(以第四次十字軍、及毀壞肖像畫運動為最)那麼嚴重。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">鄂圖曼土耳其帝國攻下君士坦丁堡之後,由於相當喜愛<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495367315">拜占廷建築</a>,所以不但沒有作全面性的毀壞,連他們後來自己新建的清真寺,都深受<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495367509">拜占廷建築</a>的影響。不過他們將一些拜占廷教堂改裝成為清真寺的過程,的確做了某種程度的破壞和改變。它們主要是:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.05in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.55in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(一)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">將祭壇及</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">iconostasis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(聖像隔牆)這類的基督教儀式裝設拆除。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.05in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.55in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(二)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">將教堂牆壁上的鑲嵌畫(特別是肖象畫)用灰泥覆蓋。也有一些是將肖像面部毀壞的。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.05in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.55in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495369214"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(三)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在大廳內部</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">增設清真寺特有的儀式設施,包括標示麥加(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Meca</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)方向的壁龕</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Mihrab</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、可蘭經領唱者所站立的高台</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Minbar</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、書寫阿拉、穆罕默德、及幾位早期的哈里發(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Caliph</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)名字的展示牌……等等。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.05in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.55in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(四)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在建築外部增立呼叫集會用的高塔</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Minaret</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,數目從一到四,通常是越重要的清真寺,高塔數越多。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikP7bZibqClRf3ZJF8O-ka9rZ5VEPBCUHEjnx70RGd9C-Tzinf5PM1YaF7MkTIlXz-XamYaegqQ_obbqJTz03J3cHczSVXghnr9JS06JjQE_2i2htSpiwv10vvEyTv3KhegBADn02RKZW0/s1600/IMG_3960+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1130" data-original-width="750" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikP7bZibqClRf3ZJF8O-ka9rZ5VEPBCUHEjnx70RGd9C-Tzinf5PM1YaF7MkTIlXz-XamYaegqQ_obbqJTz03J3cHczSVXghnr9JS06JjQE_2i2htSpiwv10vvEyTv3KhegBADn02RKZW0/s640/IMG_3960+level.jpg" width="424" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在伊斯坦堡至今還大致保存完好的拜占廷建築教堂裡面,比較重要的有四座,分別為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Hagia Sophia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia Irene</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Chora Church</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、以及</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Little
Hagia Sophia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。其中</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia Sophia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Chora Church</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Little Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">曾經被改裝成清真寺,而</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Hagia Irene </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">則依舊為基督教堂。我們此行進入了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Church of Chola </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">參觀,所以對這兩處我可以和大家分享比較多的資訊。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是這四座裡面規模最大,也最重要的教堂。在東羅馬帝國的一千年裡,它一直是東正教領袖、<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495372751"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495373198"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk495372751;">君士坦丁</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk495372751;">堡大主教</span>的座堂。(君士坦丁堡大主教,對應於羅馬公教裡的教宗。)換句話說,它在這一千年裡在東正教世界裡的地位,就像今天梵諦岡的聖比得大教堂、在羅馬公教裡面的地位。「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」意為「神聖的」,相當於英文裡面的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Holy</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。而「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sophia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」則意為「智慧」。它始建於君士坦丁大帝任內(大約</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 340
AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),但是屢經毀壞。現存的結構,是查世丁尼大帝時重建的(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">532
AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,比隋朝早了大約五十年。)。它的平面圖接近正方形,中央覆蓋了一個直徑</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">31</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺的巨大圓頂,東、西兩端各有一個半圓頂。中央大圓頂的頂部高達</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 56 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺,底部也約有</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk495375467"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">40 </span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk495375467;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">高,因此它和兩旁的半圓頂構建出一個東西約</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">75</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺,南北約</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">35 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺、高度從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">40 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">56 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺的巨大室內無柱空間。以當時的建築技術來說,是一個偉大的成就。如果再加上南、北兩側的樓台下方空間,整個大廳東西達</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">75</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺,南北達</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">70 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">公尺。此外,中央大圓頂的底部,有一環相距甚密的窗櫺,不但部分解決了採光的問題,而且讓大圓頂顯得比較輕盈,烘托出一種大圓頂「浮在空中」的錯覺。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcQdwfSsgo9PeVmsvtsSlISueTd8_W_-v7DxKp1vH1tyONlrP_wGOWQqC7IjU2gVCbAAjUH11IJPqZ9OtZi8iD0YB-jnkLJw84xxjjrCSUTvhA5ehdZJZ5yrvKebqIW9JigfL8Yh_hcbyk/s1600/IMG_3684+trim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1502" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcQdwfSsgo9PeVmsvtsSlISueTd8_W_-v7DxKp1vH1tyONlrP_wGOWQqC7IjU2gVCbAAjUH11IJPqZ9OtZi8iD0YB-jnkLJw84xxjjrCSUTvhA5ehdZJZ5yrvKebqIW9JigfL8Yh_hcbyk/s640/IMG_3684+trim.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUc3QtdilRS4G6tspCfy7jLG7M4YVJDSEdUnSS0mwZI0LG6ZLfCPBoaOZDbMc4Pmk8A-6yqqiyacqrore1VYuooOqHkrpVXsSqPpRQdCd2IKPmNmX617jRZ_TYvrSBAEf_xR-_yzuSJRVx/s1600/IMG_3999+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1500" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUc3QtdilRS4G6tspCfy7jLG7M4YVJDSEdUnSS0mwZI0LG6ZLfCPBoaOZDbMc4Pmk8A-6yqqiyacqrore1VYuooOqHkrpVXsSqPpRQdCd2IKPmNmX617jRZ_TYvrSBAEf_xR-_yzuSJRVx/s640/IMG_3999+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgARpUepYb9twSV1-RXk_FXbvwMKRhZoJ9KSqKOpXDUkEuhIGBT452SBJ2jNNeEucH43dEq4AIKwJT7urVaAfU2jRqE1hgbpwnbKC5H8NklgDw0CYTIpltZnldCFmm9bKXbF9lIaa8qP5Bz/s1600/IMG_0753.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgARpUepYb9twSV1-RXk_FXbvwMKRhZoJ9KSqKOpXDUkEuhIGBT452SBJ2jNNeEucH43dEq4AIKwJT7urVaAfU2jRqE1hgbpwnbKC5H8NklgDw0CYTIpltZnldCFmm9bKXbF9lIaa8qP5Bz/s640/IMG_0753.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfP_GpcIXMQXAQ1KfCs1tpD4mUy2OHvaDfeXbNybipmG1oYCdMJY23omvqCJc_7H-8jLQQEOFDc1Vl1f3F_srHetNISKFC4wN3Mw717wpRx2Qo7wl8r_dvXqf53HkE27_jAmdzbvg2avZc/s1600/IMG_4043+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1502" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfP_GpcIXMQXAQ1KfCs1tpD4mUy2OHvaDfeXbNybipmG1oYCdMJY23omvqCJc_7H-8jLQQEOFDc1Vl1f3F_srHetNISKFC4wN3Mw717wpRx2Qo7wl8r_dvXqf53HkE27_jAmdzbvg2avZc/s640/IMG_4043+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">依循東正教的傳統,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia
Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的入口在西方,聖壇在東方。不過原來的聖壇及聖像隔牆已經被回教後繼者拆除。代替的是標示麥加方向的壁龕</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Mihrab</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、及領唱者所站立的高台</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Minbar</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,不過這兩者的體積都不大,所以並沒有造成很大的視感衝擊。倒是那八張寫著阿拉伯文的回教重要名字的大圓牌,在在地提醒著訪客它曾經作為清真寺的歷史。另外,它的室外後來陸續被鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的蘇丹立了四座高塔,算是最醒目的回教標誌了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrndKX18rpnMr7XnkwadFm1MSFT8bTB-nfXK7ozU3UmeDTRbBxYrCu5YFuheixAfkODwjRNwBUeu1biVahw3faN2R5-wgrzmhAVv4tFNk2975oT6u3bGgVOioGyatnvLf5rpmyfMAuKf1w/s1600/Hagia+Sophia+layout.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1112" data-original-width="1464" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrndKX18rpnMr7XnkwadFm1MSFT8bTB-nfXK7ozU3UmeDTRbBxYrCu5YFuheixAfkODwjRNwBUeu1biVahw3faN2R5-wgrzmhAVv4tFNk2975oT6u3bGgVOioGyatnvLf5rpmyfMAuKf1w/s640/Hagia+Sophia+layout.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7mokT3B5zaKuwhR8jikXqGXqfQxkQX655nFzdS_vyqx6A787UgmSVUYgTfkFCURX42y8ime271rab4ji-81gJuIi6JVdb6JscmjHLwAkCDc2MVHh-3d7d5OftOomIuCCkvdKR_0qXLq4n/s1600/IMG_4118+level-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1136" data-original-width="750" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7mokT3B5zaKuwhR8jikXqGXqfQxkQX655nFzdS_vyqx6A787UgmSVUYgTfkFCURX42y8ime271rab4ji-81gJuIi6JVdb6JscmjHLwAkCDc2MVHh-3d7d5OftOomIuCCkvdKR_0qXLq4n/s640/IMG_4118+level-1.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCKBoy9lK9-GEpq0cN2b3Y8m4XUOKVoQ2i_IXQRY06RfLBjD8qX1ikN8cA59-eCWumAwYSvuyAzayKOtl2ITo4dzqx6jkof7ndhT8blBpPBUtr8VKbS6aj2FKdSmrW5o3rqotOS2-5Flf/s1600/IMG_4140+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1502" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUCKBoy9lK9-GEpq0cN2b3Y8m4XUOKVoQ2i_IXQRY06RfLBjD8qX1ikN8cA59-eCWumAwYSvuyAzayKOtl2ITo4dzqx6jkof7ndhT8blBpPBUtr8VKbS6aj2FKdSmrW5o3rqotOS2-5Flf/s640/IMG_4140+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3HkBgP0PN_AjuNM-g3qhcP6-zkPnRX062ov3s-LfPyrcVuxN4Go9b_AiCJBkWd16x3awfE25evDx14BdYDlkzyequuPBHEUJQCLtwtzlvgfD1dXzXVxSQmSZlGiCgg2tNTEhp_Oect-R/s1600/IMG_4040+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1017" data-original-width="1502" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3HkBgP0PN_AjuNM-g3qhcP6-zkPnRX062ov3s-LfPyrcVuxN4Go9b_AiCJBkWd16x3awfE25evDx14BdYDlkzyequuPBHEUJQCLtwtzlvgfD1dXzXVxSQmSZlGiCgg2tNTEhp_Oect-R/s640/IMG_4040+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFyd9x0mCTxaMgu4bijZKDq0GT7sh78Fh9PWy5BZH1UZbR5FbKils7e2VDy6CJyBkMyq6eYgzht4tnukdE-P1YcozEdO4LJkjKLMxOEzTxROXs6VpRVz8Y-eHdiBDLLH0o7575GdfGfqY/s1600/IMG_4057+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1119" data-original-width="1502" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFyd9x0mCTxaMgu4bijZKDq0GT7sh78Fh9PWy5BZH1UZbR5FbKils7e2VDy6CJyBkMyq6eYgzht4tnukdE-P1YcozEdO4LJkjKLMxOEzTxROXs6VpRVz8Y-eHdiBDLLH0o7575GdfGfqY/s640/IMG_4057+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Hagia
Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的廊柱有一種別出心裁的柱頭,它的表面被深度鏤空,因而顯得輕盈細緻,而不像是一個其實是在支撐重量的建築結構元素。這種柱頭,完全偏離了古典希臘的三種柱頭–</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Doric</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ionic</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Corinthian</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。(請參考拙文:愛琴海之旅(二)雅典市景觀</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">—</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">衛城之外</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_54.html</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)這也提醒了大家說:雖然在西元前第六世紀的古典希臘時期,君士坦丁堡原址就已經在希臘文化圈內了,但是到了</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Hagia
Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">被重建時(西元後第六世紀),「拜占庭建築」在整體上已經大幅度地走出古典希臘的建築範疇了。</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwCZlD0BBX1T27byQcCSsgkG-wPAUMAEfUSqcYIZhF-0erornDfXnT3-njgB51GIgZ66_BGDckgn_9r2xgRJLDobVLx0oyqEC9qZL7aYttPpsXC7dRjLmyZyuduSwNmFeCu8cc_kOwRh22/s1600/IMG_4182+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1502" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwCZlD0BBX1T27byQcCSsgkG-wPAUMAEfUSqcYIZhF-0erornDfXnT3-njgB51GIgZ66_BGDckgn_9r2xgRJLDobVLx0oyqEC9qZL7aYttPpsXC7dRjLmyZyuduSwNmFeCu8cc_kOwRh22/s640/IMG_4182+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kb9R5aKkcbKcLAVC42aEceE9p1IHpykaMreKc6RZ4W15OOux15k_vfDxyjT0EJOPxn661pvYjqVYTdeTZmmK0v-Qw8WLDFC9uvhylImv2z3CCXvBW7rVwft4_CC5TNATDQ25XfbJ38iT/s1600/IMG_4073+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="1500" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kb9R5aKkcbKcLAVC42aEceE9p1IHpykaMreKc6RZ4W15OOux15k_vfDxyjT0EJOPxn661pvYjqVYTdeTZmmK0v-Qw8WLDFC9uvhylImv2z3CCXvBW7rVwft4_CC5TNATDQ25XfbJ38iT/s640/IMG_4073+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqWUIoUNIFSb2LPEEUnP0kdk-2oxuGJG-h9UDH1sU7y_06sXPdotjm1sxuyF5VLxXLdroOM50xDU-rtNrpRzfwVTlhUmzzkxZmh6p6J7SW8ZQ4reS2yEkoHOFFs1wj3Cha2UGJ93FxF5uM/s1600/IMG_4074+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1006" data-original-width="1502" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqWUIoUNIFSb2LPEEUnP0kdk-2oxuGJG-h9UDH1sU7y_06sXPdotjm1sxuyF5VLxXLdroOM50xDU-rtNrpRzfwVTlhUmzzkxZmh6p6J7SW8ZQ4reS2yEkoHOFFs1wj3Cha2UGJ93FxF5uM/s640/IMG_4074+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4sdcQjCNFB10tTzwINa69SbXNv5CEUL4RDzLaYNTcBI8OdwIywQI54no1DRUkIUIjxPVK0T69zt-MpFrVfBBBt5R9YCbuoWDkhlVmLpZN3lKRwayAMClgxf1NKSEFc_V0iaqNRPtxoqi-/s1600/IMG_4194+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1500" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4sdcQjCNFB10tTzwINa69SbXNv5CEUL4RDzLaYNTcBI8OdwIywQI54no1DRUkIUIjxPVK0T69zt-MpFrVfBBBt5R9YCbuoWDkhlVmLpZN3lKRwayAMClgxf1NKSEFc_V0iaqNRPtxoqi-/s640/IMG_4194+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我們在伊斯坦堡所參觀的另外一座重要拜占庭建築,是「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Chora
Church</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。它在規模上要比 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">小上不少。在建造時間上,雖然和 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia
Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">都可以上溯至君士坦丁時期,但是</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Chora
Church </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的現存結構,大部分是在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 1077-1081 AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之間重建的(相當於中國的北宋),較 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia
Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的現存結構,要晚上近五百年,所以其建築形式,也更具拜占庭建築的特色。它總共有六個大小不同的圓頂,外加四個半圓頂,數目遠超過</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia
Sophia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。它的內部裝飾,包括圓頂的花飾及鑲嵌畫,由於年代較近,所以留存的狀況較</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">為佳,風格也有所不同。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUmjvZZFroNr7fkL14H03gbp25TtWwtzOASqBTe_5vOFTmE2j_b0sxhcIhcNdSY4aYiMCGLa9UDuwexjEunACpwXcyKAiFWphW7I48QSvgfVnqLkxMnNPR8NFG8_3MxzPuHEnUG9lTTVm/s1600/IMG_2117+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="1503" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUmjvZZFroNr7fkL14H03gbp25TtWwtzOASqBTe_5vOFTmE2j_b0sxhcIhcNdSY4aYiMCGLa9UDuwexjEunACpwXcyKAiFWphW7I48QSvgfVnqLkxMnNPR8NFG8_3MxzPuHEnUG9lTTVm/s640/IMG_2117+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcoAmiudIN8eioc7h73RKKd0u9DY3vB283xPJfIet2GL2ihfeJOgLqKueqIdjhuwMSbfkg2K4N6gQ3ehsO6oeRBYt6AWpQRpBawxb_lLl-xdgV4Xg-RrXzYw09blPn4EqYXwQgKqdKuiiC/s1600/Chora+Church+layout.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1295" height="526" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcoAmiudIN8eioc7h73RKKd0u9DY3vB283xPJfIet2GL2ihfeJOgLqKueqIdjhuwMSbfkg2K4N6gQ3ehsO6oeRBYt6AWpQRpBawxb_lLl-xdgV4Xg-RrXzYw09blPn4EqYXwQgKqdKuiiC/s640/Chora+Church+layout.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHu4sAgB5LQbNoYOVeZ3iHqbgSUt_aaTwBun4_b2YjOumvckC1cr4M6IoULkoZx1Qjh7Qk0BZkrsy7nMNlSHiqAblgF3nXaGb5CmaLcYDLSi2ylRQgbLxGUd1M9-Ww-Y2kbX22bQ1_N3dM/s1600/IMG_2131+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1140" data-original-width="827" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHu4sAgB5LQbNoYOVeZ3iHqbgSUt_aaTwBun4_b2YjOumvckC1cr4M6IoULkoZx1Qjh7Qk0BZkrsy7nMNlSHiqAblgF3nXaGb5CmaLcYDLSi2ylRQgbLxGUd1M9-Ww-Y2kbX22bQ1_N3dM/s640/IMG_2131+r+trim+level.jpg" width="464" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7WY0ST09BQeq31CGL_nveW8xtDtEuoEyn59tuWzjQ6VPBoL_0kKXwZ7wzwkPxDbw_bKbCDgUEJK80Kj7UsVROE7y0NJSYynaC75j_hsDefypFnulNoe1cCY0yZIZMnnaTfpIIKYqo5mX7/s1600/IMG_2175+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1017" data-original-width="1503" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7WY0ST09BQeq31CGL_nveW8xtDtEuoEyn59tuWzjQ6VPBoL_0kKXwZ7wzwkPxDbw_bKbCDgUEJK80Kj7UsVROE7y0NJSYynaC75j_hsDefypFnulNoe1cCY0yZIZMnnaTfpIIKYqo5mX7/s640/IMG_2175+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 十一世紀的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Chora Church</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,平面圖接近一個正方形。之後的一、兩百年間在西側加了兩層門廊,又在南側加了一個長形的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">副</span>教堂(<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Parekklesion</span>)。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">內門廊的南、北端,各設有一座圓頂,副教堂也擁有自己的圓頂。內、外門廊的牆壁及那兩座圓頂,均有鑲嵌畫裝飾,其技巧比</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Hagia Sophia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的鑲嵌畫較為成熟<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,構圖頗為複雜,人物的表情較有變化,畫的保存狀況也較好</span>。</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdTKkxd_Le9upS-YzXs-rIjhdXei_uAXYZo2HgYKnNhvFmMmX6TC2MAdHCTFiVf1R4a-sCIVDTW0T0kIcbGswnrQSiFOKrXHfmTPLpL7adraPKFPUyJ4h4CYnzYxFlIqMD2-rRYOZwt7g_/s1600/IMG_2126+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1502" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdTKkxd_Le9upS-YzXs-rIjhdXei_uAXYZo2HgYKnNhvFmMmX6TC2MAdHCTFiVf1R4a-sCIVDTW0T0kIcbGswnrQSiFOKrXHfmTPLpL7adraPKFPUyJ4h4CYnzYxFlIqMD2-rRYOZwt7g_/s640/IMG_2126+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFmdDXcHo-kc3Qe2kfwRd8s38YlpBM-TgebDN2p_M0OTAwvecbjbnUJMZwFHcedxggh4ECND4yfDPBJXclXNk73W4nmMsSpXibcU-mUhCEOiMIIUhF-ztBZirT1jG0sXTp5zFXsARdgN_P/s1600/IMG_2141+-+Copy+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1018" data-original-width="1503" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFmdDXcHo-kc3Qe2kfwRd8s38YlpBM-TgebDN2p_M0OTAwvecbjbnUJMZwFHcedxggh4ECND4yfDPBJXclXNk73W4nmMsSpXibcU-mUhCEOiMIIUhF-ztBZirT1jG0sXTp5zFXsARdgN_P/s640/IMG_2141+-+Copy+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtyVp866HM77qnh9DhQ0wTpxQWL_lCBYag9F2s0G8wZMXPv5YeN3ojy3u_bco8dSdxZysbvqPAbBAH8Ww78WWRmMbNinRnuLfrTOw4gTSBpGRww7jwi4ltqBXHxzyuXAC4pe30Sdob11BQ/s1600/IMG_2151+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1012" data-original-width="1514" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtyVp866HM77qnh9DhQ0wTpxQWL_lCBYag9F2s0G8wZMXPv5YeN3ojy3u_bco8dSdxZysbvqPAbBAH8Ww78WWRmMbNinRnuLfrTOw4gTSBpGRww7jwi4ltqBXHxzyuXAC4pe30Sdob11BQ/s640/IMG_2151+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim0Lsh4zpl_cyE5vTRSaDAZuVxdUQBW0N3ZsAYPxmh5nGK4zVCvSvlRHRNHFAcuBmhmGd7HrdvcSRoCKRru4aJUwRIFpUukPuA3VK-fT9OetuL56kZgu3PgIpyuW5cAbpb5WbdOMYL8j8j/s1600/IMG_2145+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1006" data-original-width="1503" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim0Lsh4zpl_cyE5vTRSaDAZuVxdUQBW0N3ZsAYPxmh5nGK4zVCvSvlRHRNHFAcuBmhmGd7HrdvcSRoCKRru4aJUwRIFpUukPuA3VK-fT9OetuL56kZgu3PgIpyuW5cAbpb5WbdOMYL8j8j/s640/IMG_2145+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Ow0M-jzHrwDVEWrfiOPt95jL9Bt_WBmME-IvsGwqBEepQbPzQUCRiy3BFnfhMSUXl5IwVfH-b614lEJHYaqcLp-vB1bqSri0SDld_-7Hqzds_3ZGXYCC9aOWMhLNGS2JCfmYVddBFtXu/s1600/IMG_2166+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1504" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Ow0M-jzHrwDVEWrfiOPt95jL9Bt_WBmME-IvsGwqBEepQbPzQUCRiy3BFnfhMSUXl5IwVfH-b614lEJHYaqcLp-vB1bqSri0SDld_-7Hqzds_3ZGXYCC9aOWMhLNGS2JCfmYVddBFtXu/s640/IMG_2166+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhagZ_E2qJ11jBEPNZ3zS40Hk-bQk5VkGgxxMjkr98CEyAd0H24VBOBJBaZbzDtx3D2-KbIahYhMZlfK43uQ0AvtLuOjYHXB8n6eDZ8z-bDrUfX5z8kItz1GvPWzWEuYBMDBjS_xeVdqw6y/s1600/IMG_2202+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1503" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhagZ_E2qJ11jBEPNZ3zS40Hk-bQk5VkGgxxMjkr98CEyAd0H24VBOBJBaZbzDtx3D2-KbIahYhMZlfK43uQ0AvtLuOjYHXB8n6eDZ8z-bDrUfX5z8kItz1GvPWzWEuYBMDBjS_xeVdqw6y/s640/IMG_2202+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"> 特別值得一提的是:<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Chora Church </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這座</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">副</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">教堂的牆壁裝飾,不再是「拜占庭建築」傳統的鑲嵌畫,而是當時正在興起的「濕壁畫」(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">fresco</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。濕壁畫可以表現得比鑲嵌畫更為細膩,只是比較經不起時光的摧折。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjph3itUhtvTsGWFH0zoz386BQgvKYQOUSvRqDDR5SiSszyUh6bpErcwe-o1rxs6xJcIe3n4Uj6S8ormA8jrPaQwrND5eQJkdUqAWQCPG00I_zxJnjqXFhpDTuVs-srcDYI3lDzjENz0JU4/s1600/IMG_2181+level+r-2+b1+g1+r-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="1503" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjph3itUhtvTsGWFH0zoz386BQgvKYQOUSvRqDDR5SiSszyUh6bpErcwe-o1rxs6xJcIe3n4Uj6S8ormA8jrPaQwrND5eQJkdUqAWQCPG00I_zxJnjqXFhpDTuVs-srcDYI3lDzjENz0JU4/s640/IMG_2181+level+r-2+b1+g1+r-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdjsfAUXofchS0ixQB8IwkDRsE0qDV7sTIahpFbMAnOoTKHG_Te5NH-oiRNeje2zoC0t33yzdGdacnQcgS-Fv8Y70iwZC3CzE4sbbW5VrSoW_yWjWKcF9PiLhU8TfsmzPUCKC4jz7S0dNW/s1600/IMG_2182+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1513" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdjsfAUXofchS0ixQB8IwkDRsE0qDV7sTIahpFbMAnOoTKHG_Te5NH-oiRNeje2zoC0t33yzdGdacnQcgS-Fv8Y70iwZC3CzE4sbbW5VrSoW_yWjWKcF9PiLhU8TfsmzPUCKC4jz7S0dNW/s640/IMG_2182+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9KMKxKlrnHH72tPVIX6zlfMVqzfFVc02TrWcSMnwTU08r1d3Q2TKyGNC2bWrNZMsXn7-enEedBtLf0uUmU20edBO8TQj8sZ9pjJp5tJMV7-uB3rpFUNfvDmSzEnM5NbAdm65MWVrmKfc/s1600/IMG_2183+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="1502" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9KMKxKlrnHH72tPVIX6zlfMVqzfFVc02TrWcSMnwTU08r1d3Q2TKyGNC2bWrNZMsXn7-enEedBtLf0uUmU20edBO8TQj8sZ9pjJp5tJMV7-uB3rpFUNfvDmSzEnM5NbAdm65MWVrmKfc/s640/IMG_2183+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"> 這些濕壁畫,預告了兩百年後文藝復興初期濕壁畫的大行其道。達文西<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">著名</span>的「最後的晚餐」,就是一幅濕壁畫。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">而</span>濕壁畫在教堂的運用,稍後也帶動了蛋彩畫及油畫的發展。不過這個新的發展是以義大利半島為中心,為西歐帶來了文藝復興盛期的美術巔峰。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-29495358619226679532013-12-13T17:25:00.000-08:002018-08-29T13:51:31.912-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十五) 伊斯坦堡 Istanbul (一) —— 千年的帝國都城<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- August 16, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJz19BWUpbXhyCPx56-q7eZLPwsTIpU-Oy-xxuhuq1yBkSRLDkas69GxQRdXM7OkLcaFNU-P3zn8lUba_WqYr1eZIKxpbdwLxxs7cQOqW9UvJx4H_geUBrcJIJV5HL_tl3RFElVvfn3hyphenhyphen/s1600/IMG_4199+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1006" data-original-width="1504" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJz19BWUpbXhyCPx56-q7eZLPwsTIpU-Oy-xxuhuq1yBkSRLDkas69GxQRdXM7OkLcaFNU-P3zn8lUba_WqYr1eZIKxpbdwLxxs7cQOqW9UvJx4H_geUBrcJIJV5HL_tl3RFElVvfn3hyphenhyphen/s640/IMG_4199+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">伊斯坦堡是我們此次愛琴海之旅的最後一站,不過也是在歷史和文化上最為精彩複雜的一站。雖然它的起始時間,要比古典時期的雅典晚上了一千年,也比羅馬城要晚上了六百年,可是它連續一千五百年作為兩大帝國的都城。先是東羅馬帝國一千一百多年的都城(被稱為「君士坦丁堡」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Constantinople</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),接著是土耳其人建立的鄂圖曼帝國(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ottoman
Empire</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)四百多年的都城(被稱為「伊斯坦堡」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Istanbul</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),而且這兩大帝國的文化及宗教信仰截然不同。在這兩個極端的融合之下,伊斯坦堡擁有了豐富的歷史文化蘊藏。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGQbXcb9URTCJ_ZbTBqRjHTkbBh0GID_KnFDX_wXC-VlhlrurAR4VE3HM0BNH73J6QHAXVoHVTC495Qb6aixh0bc0LnXcSYLC-9S_xbGKw_VnntZWPJXDKyBO2SDZTVT-8r7Otoxt8TAFo/s1600/Istanbul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="1226" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGQbXcb9URTCJ_ZbTBqRjHTkbBh0GID_KnFDX_wXC-VlhlrurAR4VE3HM0BNH73J6QHAXVoHVTC495Qb6aixh0bc0LnXcSYLC-9S_xbGKw_VnntZWPJXDKyBO2SDZTVT-8r7Otoxt8TAFo/s640/Istanbul.jpg" width="622" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雖然</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">伊斯坦堡</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">/</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">君士坦丁堡</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這座城市本身,從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 330 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">才開始大肆發展,但是它臨近區域的歷史卻相當悠久。一個大約興起於</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
1600 BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(大約相當於中國的商朝早期)的文明古國—「西臺」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hittie</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),其疆域就涵概了伊斯坦堡。而可能發生在大約</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">1300 BC</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的「特洛伊(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Troy</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)戰爭」(亦被稱為「木馬屠城記」)的特洛伊城,亦位在伊斯坦堡的南方不遠。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">最值得注意的是</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">1200 – 900 BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的希臘文明黑暗時期,希臘文明飄搖欲滅的火炬,全靠位於土耳其半島西部的希臘殖民地區(史稱「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ionia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」)來傳承、復興、並且最終將它回輸至希臘本土。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">君士坦丁大帝(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Constantine</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)是羅馬帝國最出名的皇帝之一。他最為知名的事蹟,是將基督教從被歧視甚至迫害的地位提昇為羅馬帝國的國教。除此之外,他對羅馬帝國未來的政治發展,也作了重大的改變,他開始將羅馬帝國的政治重心往東擴張。其中一個具體的作為,就是在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 330
AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">左右將位在博斯普魯斯(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Bosporus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)海峽口、原名為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Byzantium</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」的小城建設成羅馬帝國的東都,並改名為「君士坦丁堡」。所以後來東羅馬帝國也被稱為「拜占庭帝國」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Byzantine
Empire</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">330 AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">成為之後羅馬帝國的東都之後,君士坦丁堡/伊斯坦堡史上的重要事件包括了:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">395 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">起羅馬帝國正式開始東、西分治,而君士坦丁堡自然成為東羅馬帝國的都城。自此之後,西羅馬帝國的皇帝大都只是虛位,而被軍事強人掌握大權。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">476 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">西羅馬帝國的日耳曼民族傭兵造反,皇帝被罷黜。從此,西羅馬帝國滅亡,東羅馬帝國成為唯一的羅馬帝國,意大利半島全境迅即被耳曼民族統治。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFk3I-7Js8UepioUr89SItibahBLBf6ihrlJvbsh1o97V78_MHqnHXl0bTIKxK7zSmhQQ_-9BxDvHWxUwfSFMpLpOzIuO9Cbx_qLNIUs4i_8Jm8eidf0QK0YSlAfoMrd3A_nxiTQDiDWYI/s1600/East+Roman+Empire+478+AD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="914" data-original-width="1527" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFk3I-7Js8UepioUr89SItibahBLBf6ihrlJvbsh1o97V78_MHqnHXl0bTIKxK7zSmhQQ_-9BxDvHWxUwfSFMpLpOzIuO9Cbx_qLNIUs4i_8Jm8eidf0QK0YSlAfoMrd3A_nxiTQDiDWYI/s640/East+Roman+Empire+478+AD.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">527-565 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">東羅馬帝國的查士丁尼大帝(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Justini
I</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)勵精圖治、開拓疆土,達到東羅馬帝國最大的領域,同時進行不少的內部建設,包括重建在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 532
AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">暴動(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Nika
Riots</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)中被毀壞的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Hagia Sophia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">大教堂。他傳諸名山的成就之一,是委任法學精英整理各類法條,而於</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">529-534<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">期間陸續頒布了「查士丁尼法典」。這部法典,後來成為許多歐洲國家近代法律系統的濫觴。不過他的後繼者欠缺他的才華,他過世之後不久,部分新的領土又逐漸得而復失。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge-eIe9OvAKEUsrQgdTtqzGuvdcPEoJbXEjwoaYN0ZWihmJQ8ADBdLdYDunVQQebw71SqhaJBwZuZiFdNcx3optwEQg6Zx3KfqYnbMTtTs-5BspNgYu3A-7oiAixL3s6lf8YifWb-VVuUW/s1600/East+Roman+Empire+550+AD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="914" data-original-width="1527" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge-eIe9OvAKEUsrQgdTtqzGuvdcPEoJbXEjwoaYN0ZWihmJQ8ADBdLdYDunVQQebw71SqhaJBwZuZiFdNcx3optwEQg6Zx3KfqYnbMTtTs-5BspNgYu3A-7oiAixL3s6lf8YifWb-VVuUW/s640/East+Roman+Empire+550+AD.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrjoLNpiJ2Y1s5B2TwxwwddxuEwu1nSloI5uveEgqOI7Hyh3v_4IiYYSvBck_Iv6gFfeRRXMth1OUpglklPM_eZHHVPqKP_QzWr8_iJNKtTOLldQd59c7ac3JGR93x4oJQlk_zF-IlYxia/s1600/IMG_4047+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1004" data-original-width="1505" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrjoLNpiJ2Y1s5B2TwxwwddxuEwu1nSloI5uveEgqOI7Hyh3v_4IiYYSvBck_Iv6gFfeRRXMth1OUpglklPM_eZHHVPqKP_QzWr8_iJNKtTOLldQd59c7ac3JGR93x4oJQlk_zF-IlYxia/s640/IMG_4047+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxdN3l56-NqOA9l3DjdPTz2PEgWJn1FfLb4YPpA_0iP9P8vLbeZXj4DzQwEQTqBLX-NgR_Man1SVdpP8DVIzza5RZE5P22Yl2HBZfBBGMuotUqTbzi0r1-xVsfKtgZtr8FHCynAhpQ6-l7/s1600/IMG_4118+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1140" data-original-width="754" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxdN3l56-NqOA9l3DjdPTz2PEgWJn1FfLb4YPpA_0iP9P8vLbeZXj4DzQwEQTqBLX-NgR_Man1SVdpP8DVIzza5RZE5P22Yl2HBZfBBGMuotUqTbzi0r1-xVsfKtgZtr8FHCynAhpQ6-l7/s640/IMG_4118+level.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在第七世紀和第八世紀,君士坦丁堡曾經三次遭到圍城。先是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 626
AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">被遊牧民族「阿瓦爾人」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Avars</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)圍城,後來分別在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">674 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 717 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">被新崛起的阿拉伯回教武力圍城。幸好君士坦丁堡建有穩固的防禦工事,三次都得以解圍。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">東羅馬帝國的皇室內部在第八世紀和第九世紀,曾經為了宗教上「反肖像崇拜」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">iconoclasm</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)的問題,而進行了一段長時間的宮廷血腥內鬥,耗損了不少國力。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">西羅馬帝國覆亡之後,繼之而起的政治勢力都信任基督教,所以位於羅馬的教宗還保有相當大的影響力。東羅馬帝國的政治和宗教組織,也都還尊崇羅馬的教宗,可是東、西兩地的宗教領導勢力之間的矛盾與日俱增,終於在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1054
AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">正式分裂,分別形成後世的羅馬公教和希臘正教。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">從第十一世紀起,羅馬的教宗號召了幾次十字軍,去東征被回教勢力佔領的地區,以期收復聖城耶路撒冷。前三次的十字軍,都與東羅馬帝國協調合作。可是第四次的十字軍,卻因為基督教陣營內部的權力鬥爭,而在威尼斯共和國(基督教陣營裡的一員)的指使之下,轉向攻擊君士坦丁堡,在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
1204 AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">攻陷了君士坦丁堡,並且進行了不少的破壞,為十字軍東征史留下了莫大的污點。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">從第十四世紀起,東羅馬帝國的外圍區域逐漸落入正在強大中的土耳其裔回教勢力。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1347 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">開始流行的瘟疫,為茍延殘喘中的東羅馬帝國敲下了最後的喪鐘。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1453 AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,鄂圖曼(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ottoman</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)土耳其帝國在其蘇丹</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mehmed
II </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的指揮下,攻陷了君士坦丁堡,並將之易名為伊斯坦堡,正式結束了東羅馬帝國。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qNGPbAyl84ZcNK-KjgYF_E2vwt5_6IHioHRJfX_3CyzDWGoOnEVPunq9AxSi1lSa_X1oFvThsYtupcvC_IOYzcfIIYRTz4_2ExZHTfYt0P-JN6wflhuhmBzYeq4Vhr84DZHnT8tdzZQk/s1600/Ottoman+Empire+1453+AD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="895" data-original-width="1600" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qNGPbAyl84ZcNK-KjgYF_E2vwt5_6IHioHRJfX_3CyzDWGoOnEVPunq9AxSi1lSa_X1oFvThsYtupcvC_IOYzcfIIYRTz4_2ExZHTfYt0P-JN6wflhuhmBzYeq4Vhr84DZHnT8tdzZQk/s640/Ottoman+Empire+1453+AD.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mehmed II </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">攻佔了伊斯坦堡之後,可能是因為也想將之作為他自己的都城,所以對君士坦丁堡的硬體結構,並沒有像許多征服者那樣作全面性的毀壞,而只是對和回教禮俗明顯衝突的部分加以破壞和改變。同時,他戮力在原來歷經了數百年的衰頹,已經殘破不堪的君士坦丁堡城區上,重建起一個繁榮的回教都會。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mehmed II </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之後的幾位蘇丹也相當有領導能力,尤其是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
1512-1520 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在位的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Selim I</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1520-1566 AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在位的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Suleiman the Magnificent</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(蘇萊曼大帝)。在他們的領導之下,鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的版圖大為擴張,不論是東邊的波斯,或是西鄰的歐洲國家,均非其對手。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_G-8Js_dbjfrrPExhbTVspaVo8wH560nUW6c7Ugw7uu_KEm-f50q4StAiOd0shyPXhe5pE0q7YOkDbCbE5U6RfrN7uWJZNkjbQPhM-wGPopYkXwmUbAoQ70cx_xw_X9AyeLH8Z0h3H76/s1600/Ottoman+Empire+1566+AD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="885" data-original-width="1600" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_G-8Js_dbjfrrPExhbTVspaVo8wH560nUW6c7Ugw7uu_KEm-f50q4StAiOd0shyPXhe5pE0q7YOkDbCbE5U6RfrN7uWJZNkjbQPhM-wGPopYkXwmUbAoQ70cx_xw_X9AyeLH8Z0h3H76/s640/Ottoman+Empire+1566+AD.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Suleiman the Magnificent
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">有些像中國的唐太宗,文治、武功均可圈可點。在軍事上,他西向攻破了東南歐數國,一直到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
1529 AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的維也納圍城才沒有得手。他東南向的征討,則佔領了大部分的中東及北非。在他的最盛時期,從地中海到波斯灣均是鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的天下。在內政上,他對鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的法律系統作了不少重要的改革。另外,他本身是位傑出的詩人,也戮力提昇文學、建築、和美術,為鄂圖曼土耳其帝國帶來了一個黃金時期。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIvmC4U_kq4FHRt8K06-Tgn2Zxk-LmItytq0DDgH2tYoqAy0CnAzYjGq8w-ScK-JTXoJSYyKicunC5qGpT5FTd0b1gneTXHUEpXw8CRFUJgrz4hBIQDSsupPslmInCB6eZ9dPNQOOeaP8M/s1600/IMG_2011+level+s3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1500" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIvmC4U_kq4FHRt8K06-Tgn2Zxk-LmItytq0DDgH2tYoqAy0CnAzYjGq8w-ScK-JTXoJSYyKicunC5qGpT5FTd0b1gneTXHUEpXw8CRFUJgrz4hBIQDSsupPslmInCB6eZ9dPNQOOeaP8M/s640/IMG_2011+level+s3.jpg" width="640" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">可是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Suleiman
the Magnificent</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在世期間,沒有妥善處理繼承的問題,而聽信讒言、殺掉了一個最英明能幹的兒子,結果後來繼承他的人及後續幾代,都資質平庸,所以鄂圖曼土耳其帝國雖然沒有馬上衰落,但也不再大幅成長了。而這段期間,恰值西歐各國因航海的新發現、以及文藝復興的教化而開始崛起,於是埋下了雙方實力消長的種子。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1570 AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">歐洲國家的聯合海軍,意外地在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Lepanto
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">擊敗鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的海軍。這場戰役,雖然並沒有立即的實質影響,卻破解了鄂圖曼土耳其帝國所向無敵的形象,大幅地增加了歐洲國家對抗鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的意願與信心。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(請參考另外一篇拙著:「<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">愛琴海之旅</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">十三</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">馬拉松與埃及豔后</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">—</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">決定歷史的幾場愛琴海戰役</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">下</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_39.html<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">十七世紀鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的軍事行動,逐漸由全勝轉變成勝負各見。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1683
AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">鄂圖曼土耳其帝國 第二次對維也納叩關,卻遭到幾個東歐國家聯軍的痛擊,最後以割地和談收場,鄂圖曼土耳其帝國的西向擴張,至此告終。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">到了十九世紀,鄂圖曼土耳其帝國已經明顯落後西歐國家,其內部曾經有幾次改革的企圖,可是都遭到保守勢力,特別是宗教保守勢力的反制。從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1829
AD </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">開始,鄂圖曼土耳其帝國境內的各個民族,逐漸尋求獨立,而鄂圖曼土耳其帝國與歐洲國家的戰爭,也屢次失利,於是版圖逐漸縮小。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">第一次世界大戰,鄂圖曼土耳其帝國選擇與德國聯盟,其結果為帝國敲下了最後的喪鐘。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1922
AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,卡默爾(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mustafa
Kemal</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)領導的土耳其革命勢力,推翻了帝國,建立了現在的土耳其共和國。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">有如海市蜃樓,曾經閃耀環宇的帝國光芒,兩度消逝在伊斯坦堡的荒湮蔓草之中。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">有興趣</span>瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span></span></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span></span></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"></span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-74998387584984081082013-12-13T17:20:00.000-08:002018-08-29T13:53:43.180-07:00染色體 遺傳資訊表現過程的奧秘<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- July 16, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivhlVcT3hqwANaTM8zdsbDbXAIUusmLaXJrIRXcyABHYi2FOy49_ci3ATTV4B1kLC8EguLCoF9afFw9s0SndiFHXWh_4kcohObz0uUF9d5FcM3Fuvi0_vw37WrW3HEcPow03vdbX_m-oIh/s1600/gene.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="1000" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivhlVcT3hqwANaTM8zdsbDbXAIUusmLaXJrIRXcyABHYi2FOy49_ci3ATTV4B1kLC8EguLCoF9afFw9s0SndiFHXWh_4kcohObz0uUF9d5FcM3Fuvi0_vw37WrW3HEcPow03vdbX_m-oIh/s640/gene.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">前一陣子,有朋友建議我和大家分享</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">領域的相關資訊,這篇文章算是對他的回應。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">相信很多朋友都知道:生物的遺傳資訊,是儲存在細胞核裡的染色體裡面。更進一步地<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">說</span>:這些染色體是由極為長串的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">所組成。(「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的中文名字,是饒舌的「去氧核醣核酸」。為了減低非生物專業的朋友的閱讀負擔,我在本文裡會儘量使用「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」這個學名縮寫。)</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">這些</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">雖然極為冗長,但是它們的基本架構並不複雜。它們是由四種“去氧核苷”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在不同的排列順序之下,經由核醣的支架建立起來的長鍊。這四種“去氧核苷”分別為「去氧腺苷」、「去氧鳥苷」、「去氧胞苷」、和「去氧胸苷」。同樣地,為了大家閱讀的方便,在本文裡我會儘量使用它們的學名縮寫:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">G</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、和 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">T</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">所以大家常聽到的「遺傳密碼」,事實上就是「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">G</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、和 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">T</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」這四個字母,在不同排列之下所組成的極長鍊列,附圖一是一個這樣的例子。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">其實包含了兩條互相交繞的長鍊,但是其中一條長鍊裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,一定面對著另外一條長鍊裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">T</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">同樣地,其中一條長鍊裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">G</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,一定面對著另外一條長鍊裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。所以這兩條長鍊所攜帶的遺傳資訊是一樣的。這樣的備份互補結構,大大地增加了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的穩定性和可靠性。(在這個附圖裡,為了簡化圖示,所以我沒有去描繪兩條長鍊的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">螺旋狀</span>交繞。)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPS7CVjK_pgQmlAdwedVNfU4KXf72DDjCnPunxV6Z8FPAC2NxK_mFewQD-x27d-1iC_LloyDYSs1j-adHX9IQgaBq1PFw-FlbDft7RDJXX9mm1YmLuSS9p2BakSL2i6Yjv1h6W2dStOmu5/s1600/DNA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="658" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPS7CVjK_pgQmlAdwedVNfU4KXf72DDjCnPunxV6Z8FPAC2NxK_mFewQD-x27d-1iC_LloyDYSs1j-adHX9IQgaBq1PFw-FlbDft7RDJXX9mm1YmLuSS9p2BakSL2i6Yjv1h6W2dStOmu5/s400/DNA.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在過去十數年,科學界已經找到解碼的生化分析法,也已經解出不少生物的遺傳密碼。可是是否同樣的遺傳密碼、就會導致同樣的生理狀態呢?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">答案是否定的,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">因為這些遺傳密碼所代表的基因,只有一部分會被表現出來。至於那些部分會被表現出來呢?則因個體而異,其影響因素明顯包含了環境。因此「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的遺傳資訊如何表現?」在近年來成為與「破解遺傳密碼」同樣重要的遺傳學研究課題。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">對個體生理狀態的影響,主要是經由它所製造出來的蛋白質種類。在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的長串當中,散落地存在著許多片段,這些片段的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">G</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、和 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">T</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的排列方式,是製造蛋白質時所依據的「模子」,所以它們經常被稱為「基因」。可是這些「模子片段」加起來的總長度,只佔了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">總長度的一小部份。剩下來分布在這些「模子」之間的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">片段,大部分是用來控制或影響這些「模子片段」會不會被用來製造蛋白質。更有趣的是:這些控制或影響,並非</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">本身就可以達成,而是需要不少其他化學物質的參與。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">事實上,蛋白質並不是直接由「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">模子」製造出來的,而是從「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">模子」先烙印出一些叫<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">作</span>「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">messenger RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(中譯成「信使核糖核酸」或是「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」)的中介模子,再從 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">messenger RNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">轉譯出蛋白質。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">通常在一個</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">「模子片段」的前面,會有一段</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">是控制這個「模子片段」的主要開關區,術語上稱之為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">promoter</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」。在「模子片段」要開始被烙印之前,一些被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA polymerase</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(中譯成「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">聚合酶」)的酵素會連結到 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">promoter </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">上,然後開始試圖根據「模子片段」一個字母(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">G</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、或 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">T</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">)挨一個字母地去烙印「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」,這個過程在術語上稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">transcription</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(中譯成「轉錄」)。「轉錄」的過程經常會夭折而需要重來,等轉錄達到一個基本的「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」長度時,「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">聚合酶」會在一些化學物質的幫助之下脫離 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">promoter</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> 區,而沿著「模子片段」逐步往下移動,直到把整個「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」轉錄完成。「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">聚合酶」的出現數量及工作效率,則會受到一些其他非</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">化學物質的控制。這些化學物質,被統稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Transcription Factor</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(中譯成「轉錄因子」)。有些「轉錄因子」會促進「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的產生,有些「轉錄因子」則相反。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivhlVcT3hqwANaTM8zdsbDbXAIUusmLaXJrIRXcyABHYi2FOy49_ci3ATTV4B1kLC8EguLCoF9afFw9s0SndiFHXWh_4kcohObz0uUF9d5FcM3Fuvi0_vw37WrW3HEcPow03vdbX_m-oIh/s1600/gene.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="1000" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivhlVcT3hqwANaTM8zdsbDbXAIUusmLaXJrIRXcyABHYi2FOy49_ci3ATTV4B1kLC8EguLCoF9afFw9s0SndiFHXWh_4kcohObz0uUF9d5FcM3Fuvi0_vw37WrW3HEcPow03vdbX_m-oIh/s640/gene.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">截至目前為止,大家已經可以看到:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">製造蛋白質的過程,會受到不少非</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">物質的控制或影響。事實上,從「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」到「蛋白質」的後續過程裡,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">還會遇到更多的非</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">DNA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">物質的參與、控制、</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">或影響。另外,光是在從「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">模子片段」到「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的這個第一個階段,就還有兩種重要的控制影響機制、是不涉及</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">骨架裡</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">G</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、和 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">T </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的排列順序的。這兩種機制的重要性,在於它們所造成的影響,並不會因為細胞的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">世代更新而消失</span>,所以它們的效果是長期性和累積性的。這種持續累積性,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">對生物個體特性的穩定發展,是很重要的。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">可是</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">另一方面,</span>對像癌症之類慢性疾病的生成與發展,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">也是不可或缺的</span>。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">第一種機制,是有時候一些像</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Methyl </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(中譯成「甲基」)或是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Acetyl </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(中譯成「乙醯基」)的基本化學單位,會連結到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">p romoter</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">區,因而改變</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> promoter</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">區的形狀或電荷分布,而讓「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">聚合酶」比較容易或是比較不容易連結到 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">promoter</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">區,來啟動「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的製造。這樣的變化,會強烈地影響某些「基因」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">模子片段)被表現出來的程度。目前已經發現某些癌細胞裡面所累積的這種變異,遠多於</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">骨架裡 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">G</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">C</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、和 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">T </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">排列順序的突變,所以它反而比</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">遺傳密碼突變,更可能是導致某些癌症的主因。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">至於第二種機制,就牽涉到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的堆積結構。</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在細胞核狹小的空間裡,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">DNA </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的長鍊是無法全部展開的,而是</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">有很大一部份纏繞在一種叫做 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Histone</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(中譯成「組織蛋白」)的物質上。例如人體的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,是纏繞在四對不同的「組織蛋白」上(總共八個),然後由第五種「組織蛋白」將整體約束成一個叫做 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Nucleosome</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(中譯成「核小體」)的單位。「核小體」的纏繞程度有鬆有緊,而相鄰的「核小體」之間,也經常會有一段或長或短的未纏繞</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGxfYWieb9cxXX8ilOX1EQjTKnigFb63DI6mgzQfn3kPu2Vvmo9scZ5fcueFKOP_pN4vtepz2ZGF6xMhb_4efCBpE2A53aj7Ui46CMQK8hS66suLSiO_DnEUsNhVR7lfOQXwIMdqrEJkMy/s1600/nucleosome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="1037" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGxfYWieb9cxXX8ilOX1EQjTKnigFb63DI6mgzQfn3kPu2Vvmo9scZ5fcueFKOP_pN4vtepz2ZGF6xMhb_4efCBpE2A53aj7Ui46CMQK8hS66suLSiO_DnEUsNhVR7lfOQXwIMdqrEJkMy/s640/nucleosome.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">由於從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">烙印「信使</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的過程,須要<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">讓</span>「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">RNA</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">聚合酶」及其他相關的化學物質能夠接近該基因的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">promoter</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> 區及模子片段,所以如果</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> promoter</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> 區及模子片段位於未纏繞的 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">部分,或是相應的「核小體」的纏繞程度較鬆弛的話,該基因被表現出來的機會就會較大。反之亦然。 有時候,「甲基」、「乙醯基」、或是其他的基本化學單位,也會連結到「組織蛋白」上。這種連結會改變「核小體」的纏繞緊密度,甚或移動「核小體」的位置,改變兩個「核小體」之間未纏繞的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> DNA </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">範圍<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">及長度</span>,從而改變了一些基因是否會被表現出來?以及被表現的程度。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> DNA </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">遺傳資訊的表現方式,是一個相對新穎的研究領域,還有許多新的機制和細節正在被發現和瞭解當中。不過光是從以上的簡介,大家就已經可以看到:「遺傳密碼」之外的環境因素,其重要性並不亞於「遺傳密碼」本身。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">換言之:醫生不但須要知道病人的基因長成怎麼樣子,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">還須要知道有那些正常或有益的基因被關起來了?或是有那些變異或有害的基因正在大量運作</span>? </span>譬如說,就目前所知,已經有不少癌症,包括直腸癌、胃癌、肺癌、攝護腺癌、子宮頸癌、乳癌……等等,遺傳資訊的表現異常所佔的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">成因</span>,並不亞於遺傳資訊本身的異常。另外,在幾種重要的中樞神經疾病裡,例如</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">
Alzheimer’s Disease</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(阿茲海默症)、</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Parkinson’s
Disease</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(帕金森氏症)、及</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> Amyotrophic
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Lateral Sclerosis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(漸凍人症)等等,也有類似的情形。 <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">而這些新知,也帶動了不少這幾類疾病新療法的開發。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span>人類對大自然奧秘的探索,又向前邁進了一步</span>。</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span></span></span>Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-76820432453793426652013-12-13T17:15:00.000-08:002018-08-29T14:09:09.851-07:00漢民族建築裝飾的潛藏奇葩 – 剪瓷雕(剪黏)<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- May 9, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1lJWnazZxYQNL3ex8LFfB6ET0C3xMBRSqjOTkof1gjltBqG3j9pzQBNwAi1hxXJTSBA8M3ubWrowWFsJ7CNc2tuAaUKaWifY5hGFUci8Gmz-nZd6MzQPUbTDN06t1FOdzHv_NlezlPoSk/s1600/P4293207+level+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1lJWnazZxYQNL3ex8LFfB6ET0C3xMBRSqjOTkof1gjltBqG3j9pzQBNwAi1hxXJTSBA8M3ubWrowWFsJ7CNc2tuAaUKaWifY5hGFUci8Gmz-nZd6MzQPUbTDN06t1FOdzHv_NlezlPoSk/s640/P4293207+level+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">許多朋友都聽說過:「中國廟宇的建築裝飾,南方比北方要華麗得多。」而「南方」,則以閩南地區為最。台灣地區的廟宇建築裝飾,基本上是承襲了閩南地區的技藝,所以也承襲了華麗的傳統。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">閩、台地區的廟宇室外建築裝飾,主要有三大類,亦即:(一)交趾陶、(二)剪瓷雕、和(三)泥塑彩繪。其中以前兩種比較重要。交趾陶源自於北方的陶藝傳統,例如唐三彩。但是交趾陶的造價不斐,又容易破損,所以後來閩南地區的一些匠師,就想出了利用破瓷片沾粘在泥塑主體表面的較經濟的工藝手法,稱之為「剪瓷雕」或是「剪黏」。它和「馬賽克」同樣可以歸類成「建築裝飾的表面材料」。可是兩者之間有一個基本差異,那就是「馬賽克」屬於平面性的表面材料,而「剪瓷雕」是立體性的,所以在呈現深度、厚度、及表面紋理上,其表現力要遠勝過「馬賽克」。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在漢民族播遷到台灣的時代,「剪瓷雕」也隨著傳到了台灣,通稱為「剪黏」。近幾十年,「剪瓷雕∕剪黏」在台灣地區的應用與發展,遠超過了它來源的閩南地區。但是因為「剪瓷雕」這個名稱比較雅緻,所以我還是沿用它。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQE2-esA084Y6EJGKRX8P7ETwktpgQxJXQ0vOdxTIIB5degGb3DF_-OtMrUktycr0iw4N_iaBDYDU39ap_XcTS0d00nX8cANpTIuDmiZEGEG6wDMaNi35BuHkKFbXuVd-nlfrzH7nQTU15/s1600/IMG_4356+trim+level1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQE2-esA084Y6EJGKRX8P7ETwktpgQxJXQ0vOdxTIIB5degGb3DF_-OtMrUktycr0iw4N_iaBDYDU39ap_XcTS0d00nX8cANpTIuDmiZEGEG6wDMaNi35BuHkKFbXuVd-nlfrzH7nQTU15/s1600/IMG_4356+trim+level1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQE2-esA084Y6EJGKRX8P7ETwktpgQxJXQ0vOdxTIIB5degGb3DF_-OtMrUktycr0iw4N_iaBDYDU39ap_XcTS0d00nX8cANpTIuDmiZEGEG6wDMaNi35BuHkKFbXuVd-nlfrzH7nQTU15/s640/IMG_4356+trim+level1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQE2-esA084Y6EJGKRX8P7ETwktpgQxJXQ0vOdxTIIB5degGb3DF_-OtMrUktycr0iw4N_iaBDYDU39ap_XcTS0d00nX8cANpTIuDmiZEGEG6wDMaNi35BuHkKFbXuVd-nlfrzH7nQTU15/s1600/IMG_4356+trim+level1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「剪瓷雕」的製作過程有五大步驟:首先是設計與繪圖,其次是用鐵線渣紮出骨架,再來是用填充材料(水泥、石灰等等)在骨架塑出<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">胚體</span>,同時準備碎瓷片。最後則是在填充材料還溼軟時,將碎瓷片依設計鑲嵌到<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">胚體</span>表面。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsw4k8T0h0_NTQ9tGjER0sAGVakeARsFCvszOFU4MQkdCB6cvP7HMvAK9FH85FBEQ3wEeq6oChg542N5scS2UaIX1IyUN89PJiSSfMsRLUpgSBwR5jDehfvNj40qx8AF3EhBwiXYBlB8u/s1600/IMG_4542+level1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsw4k8T0h0_NTQ9tGjER0sAGVakeARsFCvszOFU4MQkdCB6cvP7HMvAK9FH85FBEQ3wEeq6oChg542N5scS2UaIX1IyUN89PJiSSfMsRLUpgSBwR5jDehfvNj40qx8AF3EhBwiXYBlB8u/s640/IMG_4542+level1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_UXv70QVkmC9fhXpesyxjqIWCZwyijJ3h4heAuD5rq7RyDXOuM_rXERpF4Nizu9tVbNh2A96LHvn0w5UzgO4gWc_PgLNIDyHVYmFBo8SdimMWRJ445_-NuxbHWHWR8PcufcGGuFLpDUYP/s1600/IMG_4687+level+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_UXv70QVkmC9fhXpesyxjqIWCZwyijJ3h4heAuD5rq7RyDXOuM_rXERpF4Nizu9tVbNh2A96LHvn0w5UzgO4gWc_PgLNIDyHVYmFBo8SdimMWRJ445_-NuxbHWHWR8PcufcGGuFLpDUYP/s640/IMG_4687+level+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「剪瓷雕」在很常一段的歲月裡,都是採用從廢棄的瓷質器皿敲碎、剪緣而來的碎瓷片,匠師須要花很多的工夫去敲裂瓷片,再用特殊的剪子修平碎瓷片的邊緣。所以碎瓷片的顏色,形狀等等,都須要遷就手邊既有的碎瓷材料。例如說:碎瓷片的邊緣,經常是未上釉彩的白色瓷胚。因此以這樣的表面材料構建出來的碎瓷雕,在顏色的種類、層次、和色彩飽和度上,都受到了很大的限制。而且碎瓷片的準備,佔去了匠師很大部份的精力和時間,因而限制了他們在成品的形體、姿態、題材等等方面創新的精力和時間。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOKV3LHpCOrwueFXWn4DS9zhfOSHd_0Bel_nF2Dciv-B52N4pSw0Ld4APPiRcIjc5J72WXEn092e8ZwkFD2gAbMb7gXe8jHusibDUmtotQPNmAfYIVtbvx_Hv-gkehOyjRtuuON-K6b7EB/s1600/IMG_4543+level1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOKV3LHpCOrwueFXWn4DS9zhfOSHd_0Bel_nF2Dciv-B52N4pSw0Ld4APPiRcIjc5J72WXEn092e8ZwkFD2gAbMb7gXe8jHusibDUmtotQPNmAfYIVtbvx_Hv-gkehOyjRtuuON-K6b7EB/s640/IMG_4543+level1.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">大約在二十世紀中葉,有些匠師開始使用碎玻璃片來作為「剪瓷雕」的表面材料,讓「剪瓷雕」能比較耐風雨日曬的摧折。可是玻璃片的色彩飽和度還是不高,成品看起來還是有矇朧的「古意」。令外,有些匠師也開始使用專門製作給「剪瓷雕」使用,色澤比較鮮艷的瓷碗,來準備碎瓷片,改善了一些前述的限制。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSryvQjIkTxJzDHSptlgjOMPIMVfe8loGTVux6T2tNlBOwMiw955kX9Bb_syoqwOpV3CwgCXRVV0rHgGDJlGtCJH5QKAldEZ4QqnMRuXVG2Q0QDX8tPLwDhy-9CLZdOGKjHYpaxzENbozA/s1600/P4293209+trim+level1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSryvQjIkTxJzDHSptlgjOMPIMVfe8loGTVux6T2tNlBOwMiw955kX9Bb_syoqwOpV3CwgCXRVV0rHgGDJlGtCJH5QKAldEZ4QqnMRuXVG2Q0QDX8tPLwDhy-9CLZdOGKjHYpaxzENbozA/s640/P4293209+trim+level1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在大約</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1980</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年代,「剪瓷雕」有了一個重要的突破:一些匠師發現可以從工廠定製大量不同色澤、形狀、和大小的小瓷片,來作為「剪瓷雕」的表面材料,行裡的術語稱之為「淋塘」。這樣的小瓷片提供了許多好處:匠師可以得到幾乎所有他們想要的色彩、光澤、和造型的瓷片。同時因為這樣的瓷片四面都有上釉色,所以色彩均勻,側面平滑完整,而且耐得住風吹、日曬、雨打的摧折。此外,匠師可以定製很小尺寸的瓷片,來表現成品表面細緻的紋理、光影、和層次。這樣的小尺寸瓷片,是很難以手工「破瓷修邊」的方法來大量產生的。最重要的是:從此匠師可把精力和時間集中在成品的造型、姿態、線條、色澤、主題……這些藝術層次較高的工作上,而不是花很多時間去準備碎瓷片。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4dTYP0RKrbHwMUyhfqa5vQPrgXqGkJHP4WxFP_kvDCg2NZXdgy47drrXBSjrV-bgjiP1M12MyVzr_dRStk1HLMwLyA22urhdSiqvrWsW9eAZaLVoZxaVcQSvz_HBSPMGk1q5-d7n3kRQv/s1600/P4293213+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4dTYP0RKrbHwMUyhfqa5vQPrgXqGkJHP4WxFP_kvDCg2NZXdgy47drrXBSjrV-bgjiP1M12MyVzr_dRStk1HLMwLyA22urhdSiqvrWsW9eAZaLVoZxaVcQSvz_HBSPMGk1q5-d7n3kRQv/s640/P4293213+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTC3emA30fEbG71B3leqh0dv-E1nFO6rFOL9tcakM53V1uu0t91_lgaGTpNU0zjeWJWtUlTyjJXhs6j6NH5mYHlRx3zDeAvp7YjdPFAMr21qYjVhjjKyaz1eIMb1pBwoLb5olFWt8_95hw/s1600/P4296285+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTC3emA30fEbG71B3leqh0dv-E1nFO6rFOL9tcakM53V1uu0t91_lgaGTpNU0zjeWJWtUlTyjJXhs6j6NH5mYHlRx3zDeAvp7YjdPFAMr21qYjVhjjKyaz1eIMb1pBwoLb5olFWt8_95hw/s640/P4296285+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我在這裡所附的照片,大部分都是使用「淋塘」作為表面材料的作品,大家可以見到:「淋塘」的使用,讓「剪瓷雕」在色彩的飽和度和多樣化,色澤及光影的層次,還有表面紋理的平整和細緻上,都擁有了很高的表現潛力。像這樣悅目的鏡頭,其實在台灣的許多街頭巷弄裡俯仰即得,可是由於它們的普遍性,再加上有些廟宇被視為偏屬於較低文化階層,所以不太有知識份子會去留意欣賞它們,有些可惜。</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiaqhyphenhyphenF4UvG4qBGPXyXcKBd0B0q2_B40ppB0ya097lDYtxq_L5eR0Wz8BHyXVFdTeNuLJsH3Fq0ZL03056Hm7i7MRw1bxvi5lNJ2OcwHG_2Qe_OmXVAfYSgKu3ze3pZz6xibgjDtlY2RRR/s1600/P4296318+level+trim+level1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiaqhyphenhyphenF4UvG4qBGPXyXcKBd0B0q2_B40ppB0ya097lDYtxq_L5eR0Wz8BHyXVFdTeNuLJsH3Fq0ZL03056Hm7i7MRw1bxvi5lNJ2OcwHG_2Qe_OmXVAfYSgKu3ze3pZz6xibgjDtlY2RRR/s640/P4296318+level+trim+level1.jpg" width="640" /></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 至目前為止,「剪瓷雕」的應用還是侷限於廟宇的外部裝飾,其題材也大都是龍、鳳、魚、獸。可是這種情況絕對不是受限於這種工藝的固有表現力,而是客觀環境應用上的畫地自限。我衷心地希望這種工藝能夠遇到藝術才華橫溢的大師,再加上也日益精進的交趾陶藝<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">及其他的傳統建築裝飾工藝</span>,而營造出漢民族建築裝飾的巴洛克時代。</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidGFRgTHmvCG-moO9KMfXBryKkNJXNUt_FFRYcXEHDiJbPRkBskRgGzrKjsXAuz-j-iPr3-ARl-g-boFl-dNmphlPvPMpDR5P3lyg7BMZDUq-vOjynCLWu2KCgW5n_EJJi9lb72nqgMjAC/s1600/P4296291+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidGFRgTHmvCG-moO9KMfXBryKkNJXNUt_FFRYcXEHDiJbPRkBskRgGzrKjsXAuz-j-iPr3-ARl-g-boFl-dNmphlPvPMpDR5P3lyg7BMZDUq-vOjynCLWu2KCgW5n_EJJi9lb72nqgMjAC/s640/P4296291+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-70616485030727650362013-12-13T17:10:00.000-08:002018-08-29T14:51:14.393-07:00生命之泉 — 海洋湧昇流(Oceanic Upwelling)(下)台灣附近海域<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- March 16, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在這一集裡,我將和大家分享台灣附近海域裡的幾處湧昇流。這裡的「台灣」一詞,純粹是作為地理名稱,與政治無關。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJMowNZtKWR36ZjtDojoGUpXXPfLPqq3dfQX_9iz65exWAFFOZTmas0-lTCgqfVyVp-FhGRK0JFj5FiGXgiVz9tyIqSuMSqqBPHHmzxf32PySar4GVTe0xdOAVDYY17XZNF4Tg9fE1P7WK/s1600/IMG_2471+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJMowNZtKWR36ZjtDojoGUpXXPfLPqq3dfQX_9iz65exWAFFOZTmas0-lTCgqfVyVp-FhGRK0JFj5FiGXgiVz9tyIqSuMSqqBPHHmzxf32PySar4GVTe0xdOAVDYY17XZNF4Tg9fE1P7WK/s640/IMG_2471+level.jpg" width="640" /></a>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在上一集裡,我和大家分享了「海岸湧昇流」,並以美國加州海岸的湧昇流為例子,作了進一步的說明。其實在台灣海峽的西岸,也有類似的「海岸湧昇流」,只是在程度上及時間長度上,都沒有那麼突出。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">台灣附近的海域,夏天有西南季風。而台灣海峽的西岸,從廣東的汕頭到福建的莆田之間的海岸線,大致與風向平行。這符合了「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ekman Transport</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的要件,從而在這段海岸產生離岸流,引發湧昇流,其中以汕頭附近及福州東南方的平潭島附近最為顯著。不過因為西南季風的強度和持續性,都不像赤道貿易風、或是夏季北太平洋高氣壓環流那麼高,再加上這片海域是屬於大陸棚的淺海,因此湧昇流的效果與時間長度,無法與「赤道湧昇流」、或是「加州海岸湧昇流」相比。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcRR9V-bUg9gX5Qn-psNXPq1vrz8gqEVoFRCelk4t67ZDhQsHeSPVZlZYLc6WNaZbI5wvibKbFesNlvz-Zaed_DmncWeQSPdyVJi6v5pw1XWeVFnLtqhvr9a0RCh9kRHJSooZnXr-WWYH0/s1600/Taiwan+straight+west.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcRR9V-bUg9gX5Qn-psNXPq1vrz8gqEVoFRCelk4t67ZDhQsHeSPVZlZYLc6WNaZbI5wvibKbFesNlvz-Zaed_DmncWeQSPdyVJi6v5pw1XWeVFnLtqhvr9a0RCh9kRHJSooZnXr-WWYH0/s640/Taiwan+straight+west.jpg" width="640" /></a>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在台灣海峽還有兩處小規模的湧昇流,不過它們不屬於前述由海風引發的湧昇流,而是由洋流引發的湧昇流。在全世界的洋流裡面,最強烈的一股是從墨西哥灣沿著美國東海岸北上的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gulf Stream</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(墨西哥灣流),其次就是沿著台灣東海岸北上的「黑潮」。「黑潮」在經過巴士海峽時,有一小部份會向西分流。這支黑潮分流在夏季會經由台灣海峽北上,冬季則會轉向西南。它在夏季分流的過程,有一部分會被推上被稱為「台灣灘」的緩坡,而在當地形成湧昇流。也有一部分會被推上澎湖群島南方「黑水溝」附近的大陸棚,而形成另外一處湧昇流。不過這兩處湧昇流,特別是澎湖群島南方的湧昇流,都只有在夏天短暫存在。到了冬天,渤海和黃海的較冷海水會南下,阻擋這支黑潮分流的北上,這兩處湧昇流也隨著減弱消逝。不過此時,大群烏魚會被上述的較冷海水驅趕至台灣海峽,為此地帶來一年一度的烏魚豐收。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKS8OkzUltmQputq_kOlPMTCl085cwVsWb-ZLkD7MGkZykGOwu812KM7wFJStQ22-U8tUNsFWPBUDaLLMNJgZOqulbeuU6FXDr90c9CzoHe1vO9IrIBbJCqleEGwvc5g4LhJmX2ub_QCTC/s1600/Taiwan+straight+inner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKS8OkzUltmQputq_kOlPMTCl085cwVsWb-ZLkD7MGkZykGOwu812KM7wFJStQ22-U8tUNsFWPBUDaLLMNJgZOqulbeuU6FXDr90c9CzoHe1vO9IrIBbJCqleEGwvc5g4LhJmX2ub_QCTC/s640/Taiwan+straight+inner.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">除了台灣的西側海域有四處湧昇流之外,台灣的東側海域也有兩處湧昇流。它們也是由黑潮造成的。台東附近的海域裡,由於歐亞版塊和菲律賓海版塊在此交界而形成幾條南北向的峽谷,(其中一條延伸至陸地,而形成台東縱谷。)黑潮在經過此地時,會有少部分延著峽谷上昇而形成湧昇流。不過在冬半年,黑潮的主軸會向東(離岸方向)偏移,導致此處的湧昇流減弱消失。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqf0Fykyo7cE0Gi-sOPjnZ9mpmgtvJKQvSJ8beoy81Hb5PFjZm6j_CBJ7cHP3Y8XaPcH1jPby86m6rCa97M9X-rrTDAh2b8nXeng-6Q4R_BBLnNR4LehFG9Ch_oPss-Ev0X2KnHDB5EZl8/s1600/Taiwan+SE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqf0Fykyo7cE0Gi-sOPjnZ9mpmgtvJKQvSJ8beoy81Hb5PFjZm6j_CBJ7cHP3Y8XaPcH1jPby86m6rCa97M9X-rrTDAh2b8nXeng-6Q4R_BBLnNR4LehFG9Ch_oPss-Ev0X2KnHDB5EZl8/s640/Taiwan+SE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">台灣附近海域裡的幾處湧昇流裡面,最重要的莫過於台灣東北方外海的湧昇流了。黑潮的主流行至那兒時,會因為歐亞大陸棚的阻擋而轉向東北,進入沖繩海槽。但是在彭佳嶼、棉花嶼一帶,部份的黑潮會延著大陸棚邊緣的坡面上昇,而形成湧昇流。 這個湧昇流因為黑潮的強度及坡面的寬度都不小,而讓此處成為台灣附近海域的重要漁場。由於黑潮主軸的季節性東西移動,所以這個湧昇流在冬季也會減弱,但是不至於完全消失。而這個漁場的重要性,則是日、華對位於漁場東方的釣魚台列島的主權紛爭,會如此白熱化的一個主因。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwhRk9QP1mAJo6ZhRH0tr9QOIXfSkDPYXw1E92L0akrM4lLliRDz9LGdc52P0G4nktvop8nm0CskQPj_U6LUcbeLrTVDiq9yxq99ZLGPxanVK2I-pCPaA9-3EfRl80sx8rO1FG-9_hlZz/s1600/Taiwan+NE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLwhRk9QP1mAJo6ZhRH0tr9QOIXfSkDPYXw1E92L0akrM4lLliRDz9LGdc52P0G4nktvop8nm0CskQPj_U6LUcbeLrTVDiq9yxq99ZLGPxanVK2I-pCPaA9-3EfRl80sx8rO1FG-9_hlZz/s640/Taiwan+NE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXF1mAzED664U7eyLeyQJbdt7449bRa-KXfLfDVfhzobONRCJhmQf-EbKVvM6OnRP3HrVYwcWvmdKJ1qDpC6V6HoE6qBW0H0Mb4grI7k2gSs_HfF3TQzhyphenhyphenQQZk3OhwjGQygwDCeBneN4Y/s1600/IMG_0803+level2+trim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOXF1mAzED664U7eyLeyQJbdt7449bRa-KXfLfDVfhzobONRCJhmQf-EbKVvM6OnRP3HrVYwcWvmdKJ1qDpC6V6HoE6qBW0H0Mb4grI7k2gSs_HfF3TQzhyphenhyphenQQZk3OhwjGQygwDCeBneN4Y/s640/IMG_0803+level2+trim.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-7704504874863747022013-12-13T17:05:00.000-08:002018-08-29T15:21:14.969-07:00生命之泉 — 海洋湧昇流(Oceanic Upwelling)(上)<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- March 16, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVPTlD8-tVcoBUq_PcrgLLG2HyLtcl1g7bADhMTsDevQZBMTdi73DjTp27z8XIWKVDhqWDaGhokx0qNl9GA0Mig5_ZJEyCouAr4exC_Bg3FPjW8YoTov1x5q50VKPr_vjHC_tD7rvWRn6-/s1600/IMG_6932+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVPTlD8-tVcoBUq_PcrgLLG2HyLtcl1g7bADhMTsDevQZBMTdi73DjTp27z8XIWKVDhqWDaGhokx0qNl9GA0Mig5_ZJEyCouAr4exC_Bg3FPjW8YoTov1x5q50VKPr_vjHC_tD7rvWRn6-/s640/IMG_6932+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">地球的表面積有</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 70% </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">被海洋覆蓋,而海洋的平均深度超過四千公尺。這麼碩大的空間雖然有不少生物生存,但其實它是一個很沒有效率的循環空間。當生物死亡之後,其遺體的大部份會因為重力而沉入海洋深處,遺體所含的養份也隨之而下。但是在絕大部分的海洋深處,都缺乏氧氣及陽光(或是其他形式的能源),不適合一般生物的生長,於是食物鍊無法形成,宛若水中荒漠。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">幸好的是:在一些有限的海域,存在著「湧昇流」,可以將部分沉入深海的養份,帶回到富有陽光及氧氣的海洋表層。 在這樣的地方,經常可以看到旺盛的食物鍊活動,它們除了是良好的魚場之外,也常常是其他海洋生物,如鯨魚、海豚、海豹、以及許多種海鳥活躍繁衍的地方。所以湧昇流是海洋生態一個非常重要的環節。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">海洋湧昇流有兩大類,及其它的小類。其中一大類,主要發生在一些特定的海岸,被稱為</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Coastal Upwelling</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」。另外一大類,則主要發生在太平洋的赤道區,被稱為</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Equatorial Upwelling</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」。我會依次地向大家介紹這兩大類。有些人得到印象說:海洋湧昇流主要是海流造成的,其實上述的兩大類海洋湧昇流,都主要是海風造成的。只有一些次要的海洋湧昇流,才是主要由海流造成的,我會在下一集裡觸及。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">由於地球自轉的關係,地球表面的氣體或液體在做長距離流動時,會出現軌跡彎曲的現象。在北半球是傾向右轉,而在南半球則是傾向左轉,這種現象被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Coriolis Force</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」,中文翻譯成「科氏力」。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在北半球當海風吹拂過海面時,表面的海水受到海風的磨擦力,及本身科氏力的交互作用,會沿著與海風小角度右轉的方向流動。同理,它下面一點的海水,則會向更右轉的方向流動(當然其流量也會比最表面的海水稍低)。這個效果累推下去,是一個向下越來越弱的螺旋,而這個螺旋的淨累積效果,則是一個與風向大致右轉</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 90 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">度的水流。 這種現象被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ekman Transport</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」。在南半球也有「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ekman Transport</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的現象,只不過水流淨向與風向大致左轉</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 90 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">度。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOZU4epdQ3YPYxVL2-MoKJeQj1KDp_2EAjweVGUal7SW7Pp_vasttWErdjM3x1VlDDnAT7NKbaTHDCKUQh_ahIcURPnQDYyIw-2Nt_ce0f7MHP_2ERMHmonfOzq_TepHzK6MfRQQUVs-e/s1600/Ekman+Transport.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOZU4epdQ3YPYxVL2-MoKJeQj1KDp_2EAjweVGUal7SW7Pp_vasttWErdjM3x1VlDDnAT7NKbaTHDCKUQh_ahIcURPnQDYyIw-2Nt_ce0f7MHP_2ERMHmonfOzq_TepHzK6MfRQQUVs-e/s400/Ekman+Transport.jpg" width="390" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在北半球,當海風的方向大致與海岸平行,而海洋又位在右方時,就常常會產生一個有趣的結果:淺層的海水被海風推向右方之後,因為左方是陸地,無法補充右向流失的淺層的海水,於是較深層的海水會被吸上來補充,這樣就形成了湧昇流,也就是「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Costal Upwelling</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAd9oW29vdRdN3b-vQUdpdupy3blgnc_v2hAgEzxlzLNQLZbsSn6DL3hjJjGEM-ng3_FMxXTaOevtMto9pvcbhym2g32RgOwwvmNg4N8tJmm4MDFzX8gAHIfzOXIGPbXCYvfdICkuPu1Up/s1600/coastal+upwelling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyVGY4OKPcrGVrVzoxLmt73GD0-EfDx_sEMW8IIIlrXldM5EbFZiCpNI3hdLrfSEwUfM8PniYiwQGezheKyFow-8ifxblccW_Ziltt7NF3a7edWDnLrIb9CPQm6DVHqlo2RvJHMu-Ammip/s1600/coastal+upwelling2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyVGY4OKPcrGVrVzoxLmt73GD0-EfDx_sEMW8IIIlrXldM5EbFZiCpNI3hdLrfSEwUfM8PniYiwQGezheKyFow-8ifxblccW_Ziltt7NF3a7edWDnLrIb9CPQm6DVHqlo2RvJHMu-Ammip/s400/coastal+upwelling2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">全球有很多海岸有這樣的湧昇流。但是因為它們是海風造成的,所以大部分的海岸湧昇流是季節性的,不過也有一些是全年性的,例如中、南美洲的西海岸、以及非洲的西海岸,就是全年性的。而我居住的加州海岸的湧昇流,就只在夏半年發生。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在夏半年裡,北太平洋的中間一帶,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">常常存在著一個強度與面積均相當可觀的高氣壓。海風會環繞著高氣壓的中心順時針地吹拂,其方向在加州海岸就常常和海岸線大致平行,於是構成了上述的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ekman Transport</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的要件。因此加州海岸(除了洛杉磯及以南之外)在夏季的大部份時間,都會有強烈的湧昇流。再加上加州海岸許多地方的坡度不小,離海岸不遠海水深度就頗為可觀,因此湧上來的海水溫度偏低,夏季大部分的時間會在攝氏十五度或以下,導致加州海岸夏季大都涼爽,只有在北太平洋的高氣壓間歇性地減弱甚或消失時,加州海岸才會有幾天的熱浪。這個湧昇流區南北超過一千公里,每年時間長達四個月,是全球重要的湧昇流區之一。可惜加州的海岸線、向南到洛杉磯地區之前就顯著向東轉向,因此洛杉磯地區缺乏「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ekman Transport</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」的要件,無法享受到夏季的涼爽。</span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAEqJMw7PzVbtnILOd_dulTju0urW3beyy0snQ-I-q-jdHsSqexgs6ty42isl9nMSRuw7_nJfbBD5LXhOYI4Sg0YAq2MTr1goq-R4ggkKQoue3fOkOp_GSkIr68a9b-a6x4ybnl8PH5hS/s1600/California+upwelling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAEqJMw7PzVbtnILOd_dulTju0urW3beyy0snQ-I-q-jdHsSqexgs6ty42isl9nMSRuw7_nJfbBD5LXhOYI4Sg0YAq2MTr1goq-R4ggkKQoue3fOkOp_GSkIr68a9b-a6x4ybnl8PH5hS/s640/California+upwelling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_osfngwi0DjAMVF2Ywl_C8xKSpHGshO5FtBN58iIPH3urCObs6Rm9Pp0qBZ03dxqPIhwhXk3S2Y2BzkVZySQFrL34UMJdPvx3ZUaL19-UMlPr3RUcy4dmF_p0BHiM7zVo3Vm5Nc0VPweh/s1600/California+upwelling-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_osfngwi0DjAMVF2Ywl_C8xKSpHGshO5FtBN58iIPH3urCObs6Rm9Pp0qBZ03dxqPIhwhXk3S2Y2BzkVZySQFrL34UMJdPvx3ZUaL19-UMlPr3RUcy4dmF_p0BHiM7zVo3Vm5Nc0VPweh/s640/California+upwelling-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">加州海岸的這個湧昇流系統,不僅為大部分的加州海岸帶來涼爽的夏季,也帶來了夏季繁榮的海洋生態。像在離舊金山市南方數十公裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Monterey Bay</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,因為有很深的海底峽谷一直延伸到近岸,所以那裡的湧昇流特別富含養份,因此促成了異常旺盛的夏季海洋食物鍊。 例如說:那裡夏季盛產的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Krill
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(磷蝦),就吸引了不少的鯨魚前來覓食。我在這裡附了一張幾年前拍攝的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Humpback
Whale </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(「座頭鯨」、亦名「大翅鯨」)大啖磷蝦的照片。我在這個海灣裡,就見過六種鯨魚,還有成千的海豚及海鳥。(請參考數篇拙作:「舊金山附近的鯨魚和海豚</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(一)」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2014/04/blog-post_17.html</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、「舊金山附近的鯨魚和海豚</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(二)」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_9947.html</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、「舊金山附近的鯨魚和海豚</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(三)」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_4981.html</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">、及「舊金山附近三種值得認識的海鳥」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/three-kinds-of-pelagic-bird-that-are.html">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/three-kinds-of-pelagic-bird-that-are.html</a></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuX5SFf9ylc0aOzRR31ryxis2PPBsIiPgVHBJJlNYuGeuPNTJnuZvBRPJd2DRMmIqyzqFdsFJzh5ZlLCgR54dAQfRXoFitgAmunvivubCnSABmyqZc8HeG9tyl4f-f1mnrfZJMe6JBB_gt/s1600/IMG_0875+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuX5SFf9ylc0aOzRR31ryxis2PPBsIiPgVHBJJlNYuGeuPNTJnuZvBRPJd2DRMmIqyzqFdsFJzh5ZlLCgR54dAQfRXoFitgAmunvivubCnSABmyqZc8HeG9tyl4f-f1mnrfZJMe6JBB_gt/s640/IMG_0875+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2F9vM5boqn9xwPz3RakExTDu4idH6IXow4GnOZdBFngdSy3GJzcexXaLJUI82M0xtK9ChVbqoGIdiijQoGWgNuunbaj3vsKXnVlEhDDpAiWUasS06GqLcwkuEvbuJBGkyHLTiaPto75mp/s1600/IMG_0893+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2F9vM5boqn9xwPz3RakExTDu4idH6IXow4GnOZdBFngdSy3GJzcexXaLJUI82M0xtK9ChVbqoGIdiijQoGWgNuunbaj3vsKXnVlEhDDpAiWUasS06GqLcwkuEvbuJBGkyHLTiaPto75mp/s640/IMG_0893+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">比「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Costal Upwelling</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」在形成機制上更有趣的,是「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Equatorial Upwelling</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(赤道湧昇流)。地球在赤道附近的表面有兩道「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Trade Wind</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(貿易風):在偏北那一道往西南吹,在偏南那一道則往西北吹。理論上,這兩道貿易風交會的地方應該在赤道上。但是實際上,它並不一定在赤道上,而會隨季節南北移動,而且通常是位在赤道的北邊。所以在一年的不少日子裡,赤道上都會有向西北吹的海風。基於「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ekman Transport</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」,在赤道稍偏北的表面海水會往北移動;在赤道稍偏南的表面海水則會往南移動。而它們分別離開之後,得由赤道較深層的海水湧上來補充,於是就形成了「赤道湧昇流」。(為了簡化圖表,下列圖示只顯示海風的西向分量所造成的效果。海風的北向分量,因為和湧昇流無關,所以其效果並未被顯示。)的換句話說,赤道湧昇流是結合了科氏力在南、北半球相反的表現而產生的。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRy7lFknr0yPxukwlJqxfUHCyZ511_H8QZHSE18kJO6DZ5NQ40kAxfmJYHQMHl5axAJtYVyTlx_hhFrUUaO0laR-9wP5J7cgWYOBVGaCdLVIQ4k5CWtGW476epBVVP7FEyn3hXZJy3YE3/s1600/equatorial+upwelling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="451" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRy7lFknr0yPxukwlJqxfUHCyZ511_H8QZHSE18kJO6DZ5NQ40kAxfmJYHQMHl5axAJtYVyTlx_hhFrUUaO0laR-9wP5J7cgWYOBVGaCdLVIQ4k5CWtGW476epBVVP7FEyn3hXZJy3YE3/s640/equatorial+upwelling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">赤道湧昇流的強弱,直接受到西向貿易風強弱的影響。例如說,在「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">El Niño</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(聖嬰現象)發生時,赤道附近的西向風大為減弱,赤道湧昇流也會隨著減弱。在其最盛時,亦即「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">La Niña</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」(反聖嬰現象)時,赤道湧昇流區大致佔了太平洋赤道區偏東大約五分之三的部分,其長度接近一萬公里,範圍相當廣大,也對太平洋中部的海洋生態有重要的影響。其實「聖嬰現象」的發現與命名,就是起源於這個赤道湧昇流區的東端靠近南美洲附近的漁場,隔幾年就會有西風變弱、海水變暖、魚獲量大減的現象。後來科學家才發現這種變化,涉及全球,是氣象學及海洋學裡一個很重要的現象。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiWqif3PeWLLRyTlpbnaHnd0gDszRKVKSdzSyZWFwbM3ytuSI_gkB9FrMvtSvogP37vALnAQU8PYOqSEaHV0Vhy_F0MZOB_dp6LIcks8k67Arfe352NLCvtCfQaFFa2DD1nmqY8i2sszhB/s1600/equatorial+upwelling+range.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiWqif3PeWLLRyTlpbnaHnd0gDszRKVKSdzSyZWFwbM3ytuSI_gkB9FrMvtSvogP37vALnAQU8PYOqSEaHV0Vhy_F0MZOB_dp6LIcks8k67Arfe352NLCvtCfQaFFa2DD1nmqY8i2sszhB/s640/equatorial+upwelling+range.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-82505286929985673952013-12-13T17:00:00.000-08:002018-08-29T15:18:39.427-07:00行為經濟學裡一些有趣的現象<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Feb 21, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjph_6Gn64_CgqX5NOJsSDuK8LnlqalhPR0JY4RfjxfWpqxTcWJ-5gUf04ASql__niOJG-klSJ8i5eVFoGnfJ9OFxt5Ab0JvAxIE1qjQJzfW-7GBIRpqy3azZ_HBZ3dYk_0yOFQN2fGZMFK/s1600/IMG_2075+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjph_6Gn64_CgqX5NOJsSDuK8LnlqalhPR0JY4RfjxfWpqxTcWJ-5gUf04ASql__niOJG-klSJ8i5eVFoGnfJ9OFxt5Ab0JvAxIE1qjQJzfW-7GBIRpqy3azZ_HBZ3dYk_0yOFQN2fGZMFK/s400/IMG_2075+trim+level.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">傳統的經濟學,通常會把個人假設成是「純理性、會去將自己的利益最大化」的行為者。可是一些經濟學者也注意到,至少是在個人的層面,人類的經濟行為在一些方面會有傾向偏離這個「純理性、會去將自己的利益最大化」的模式。如果我們瞭解這些「非利益最大化」的傾向,不但可以減少自己陷入這些傾向的機會,還可以在一些經濟交易中洞察對方的弱點。下面是幾個這些「非利益最大化」的傾向:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">一、</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Myopic preference: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Myopic</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」是「近視的、短視的」的意思。研究人員發現人們常常對近期的損益,比遠期的損益要重視得多。譬如說:在面對下列選擇的時候:「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">A</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:今天拿到</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1000</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">元,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">B</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">天後拿到</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1100</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">元」,比較多人會選</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">A</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。但是在面對下列選擇的時候:「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">A</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">100</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">天後拿到</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1000</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">元,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">B</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">103</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">天後拿到</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">1100</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">元」,則比較多人會選</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">B</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。其實這兩種選擇在數學上是相似的,除非市場的利率高達每三天</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> 10%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(大約相當於年利率</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> 1200%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,不計複利。),否則數學上兩種情況都應該選</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">B</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">但是因為事件發生的時間距離現在的遠近不同,人們的反應就不同,而且事件的時間點越接近現在,這個效應就越強。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">如果用圖來說明,在金融市場上,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">對未來資產收付的〝每單位時間<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的</span>折現率〞(相當於是利率),在短期內是相對穩定的。如果未來收益的取得日期較遠,則〝每單位時間<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的</span>折現率〞通常會小幅上昇,其曲線大致如圖示。但是在</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">myopic
preference </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">的情況下,形同對接近現在的那幾天欲求特別高的〝每單位時間折現率〞,</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">然後隨著時間急速下降,其曲線和金融市場的曲線有顯著的差異<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,所以如果自己下意識裡的 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">myopic
preference </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">太強,往往會錯過一些現實世界裡的機會</span>。</span></div>
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVqeVHq1M_UIhTImvhBu7iVhUFX6fGHBf5isVGPW95vPD2wLxz7k_XngwOnhIO662UdGmQORaCVZahzuqxqQTbIl6-F-r3hFWcmMhJT9UC1DsStNRDI3Jpms9OOKGvLucbJv2osKIuj9jf/s1600/myopic+preference-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVqeVHq1M_UIhTImvhBu7iVhUFX6fGHBf5isVGPW95vPD2wLxz7k_XngwOnhIO662UdGmQORaCVZahzuqxqQTbIl6-F-r3hFWcmMhJT9UC1DsStNRDI3Jpms9OOKGvLucbJv2osKIuj9jf/s640/myopic+preference-4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div align="left" class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">二、</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Reference and Framing Effect</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:人們對所收到的資訊的評估,常常會受到該資訊如何被呈現的影響。假設有兩位醫師和病人建議同一個手術,甲醫師說手術有</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> 80% <span lang="ZH-TW">的成功率,而乙醫師說手術有 </span>20% <span lang="ZH-TW">的失敗率。通常甲醫師的病人比較會去接受醫師的建議,雖然兩位醫師說的是同一件事。同樣地,在</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">人們的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">經濟行為裡,強調可能的收益,會比強調可能的損失來得有吸引力。「半杯滿」和「半杯空」<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">雖然在數學上是同一回事,可是給一些人的感受</span>是不一樣的。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">三、</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Status Quo </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bias</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> and Endowment Effect</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:在不少情況之下,人們常會喜歡維持現狀,而排斥改變。(「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Status Quo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」是拉丁文裡的「現狀」)譬如說,除非原來就不喜歡那樣獎品,否則在<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">發獎品的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">年慶</span>聚會中,大部分人會傾向保<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">於</span>有自己原來得到的獎品,而不太會主動去交換其他價格相近的獎品。又譬如說,如果甲店<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">把</span>漢堡列為基本的購買品,而<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">把</span>薯條列為可選的附加品,但是乙店把〔漢堡加薯條〕列為基本的購買品,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">不過</span>顧客可以指定不要薯條而得到折扣,那在乙店購買〔漢堡加薯條〕的顧客比例,通常會比在甲店高。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">有<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">學者</span>設計實驗去比較擁有某件物品的人,願意出讓該物品的價格,和沒有這件物品的人,願意購買該物品的價格(在非討價還價的情況下)。結果發現前者比後者要高出很多。這種現象,被稱為 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Endowment Effect<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(持有效應)</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。它和前述的 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Status Quo </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bias</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,有類似的成因。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">四、</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Probability Distortion</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在純理性的狀況之下,人們對於事件的重視程度,應該和該事件發生的概率成正比。所以如果我們把重視程度(比重)和概率來作圖的話,應該得到一條直線。可是研究人員發現並非如此,人們傾向於過度重視低概率的事件,只要發生概率不是零(<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">即</span>保證不會發生),人們就會給它高出發生概率高</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">不少的比重。換句話說,人們會為了不太可能發生的事情而過度焦慮。另一方面,人們又傾向於不夠重視高概率的事件,只要發生概率不是一(<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">即不</span>保證一定會發生),人們就會給它<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">低於<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">發生</span></span>概率不少的比重。換句話說,只要事情有一點可能不會發生,人們就常常會心存僥倖,而不嚴陣以待。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">這樣的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Probability
Distortion</span>,在附圖裡可以用曲線</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">B<span lang="ZH-TW">來代表。在這樣的曲線之下所產生出來的經濟行為,常常不會對該個體帶來最佳的效益。</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju7Elo_9i0_lDoGeKDu6hRJt2YBOsCd2r1m2ZRQyDwaUtSX6yBgkEfU72MkuhrCgHLELfrWrkZ1x8FB2aJcGTJv75HjeiDNvbF53oNAk0onvbBlzPQEvPekYovfAnJCpjUqaH-E4l2UHJn/s1600/probability+distortion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="571" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju7Elo_9i0_lDoGeKDu6hRJt2YBOsCd2r1m2ZRQyDwaUtSX6yBgkEfU72MkuhrCgHLELfrWrkZ1x8FB2aJcGTJv75HjeiDNvbF53oNAk0onvbBlzPQEvPekYovfAnJCpjUqaH-E4l2UHJn/s640/probability+distortion.jpg" width="640" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">五、</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Herding Behavior</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">:「</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Herd</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」是指獸群,或是趕牛、羊群的動作,所以「</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Herding Behavior</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">」意指「盲目從眾」的行為模式,我想大部分的朋友對此現象都不會陌生。它不僅經常出現在社會行為裡,也經常出現在經濟和財務的領域裡,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Marketing</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">(行銷)的策略更是經常利用這種現象。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 27pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">「盲目從眾」的行為模式雖然有些好處,但是常常會把個人誤導到對他</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">/</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">她並不適合的方向,同時也會大幅增加市場的不穩定性,加深對個人的經濟傷害。歷史上幾次經濟危機裡,都可以看到「盲目從眾」的行為模式在推波助瀾。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 27pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 27pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">有趣的是,有研究顯示,在下決定是否從眾的當兒,從眾的個人,其大腦裡面 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Amygdala</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">(<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">杏仁</span>體)區域的活動程度比不從眾的個人要來得強。</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">Amygdala </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在大腦裡扮演了<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">數種</span>角色,其中一個重要的角色<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">,</span>是情緒的產生及處理</span>。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQEvTcJrv9xVpMZQhaMHFB0PADnYatKo1ZaNTIFWBU31fMyGghxuxHwhRe3-KikKhec0K-zFkPHLKK_jkiVudEiRd3DG0jEKBGanVQb8LmPsV6pJSOYD7-HCNb54VlQDItC8ty4spEZfyh/s1600/hippocampus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQEvTcJrv9xVpMZQhaMHFB0PADnYatKo1ZaNTIFWBU31fMyGghxuxHwhRe3-KikKhec0K-zFkPHLKK_jkiVudEiRd3DG0jEKBGanVQb8LmPsV6pJSOYD7-HCNb54VlQDItC8ty4spEZfyh/s640/hippocampus.jpg" width="640" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">在這裡和大家分享了「行為經濟學」裡,所見到的幾個比較明顯的個人現象。當然還有更多的現象值得探討。不過,希望這一點分享,已經能夠幫助大家免於蹈入不少陷阱裡面</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 107%;">。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh72oI2DPDOB_Fo4gONuR_Mr4GlSteYF7n1GMR5Y4Zs4ConMQgkcjtpjyZDky34Grq37ovmxGHDzxV7qdcWTyDseefyydSB5nRq_FgR-PwednlLCXzEMSMa80ZCSJk6VoXW7zexwR5C7ZXx/s1600/IMG_2093+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh72oI2DPDOB_Fo4gONuR_Mr4GlSteYF7n1GMR5Y4Zs4ConMQgkcjtpjyZDky34Grq37ovmxGHDzxV7qdcWTyDseefyydSB5nRq_FgR-PwednlLCXzEMSMa80ZCSJk6VoXW7zexwR5C7ZXx/s640/IMG_2093+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="left">
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
</div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-37241957324960322392013-12-13T16:30:00.000-08:002018-08-29T15:15:51.003-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十四) Delphi (下) — 浩劫餘生的藝術精品<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Feb 12, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsHhy9bv52YlrJz4grKjg3thzjItl5ecFjKiOaPWewU8HWte3iXZDv9M_dV11Moc6yv59MXHZ6w9uRlJbGFrqDoBXtqgBAIpO46BPtl9q_FqnKjZLt_YEU2FKz_0V83s5P-z-_98-Eocv4/s1600/IMG_0460+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsHhy9bv52YlrJz4grKjg3thzjItl5ecFjKiOaPWewU8HWte3iXZDv9M_dV11Moc6yv59MXHZ6w9uRlJbGFrqDoBXtqgBAIpO46BPtl9q_FqnKjZLt_YEU2FKz_0V83s5P-z-_98-Eocv4/s640/IMG_0460+r+trim+level.jpg" width="476" /></a> </span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 近代從<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">考古搶救出來殘存的藝術品,有不少陳列在現地的博物館裡。它們的完成年代及風格,從「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Archaic Period</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">600-480 BC</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)一直延伸到羅馬帝國的前期(~</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">150 AD</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),雖然數量不多,但仍具有相當高的美術史價值。</span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 最早期的是一對男性青年雕像,其兩腳併攏、雙手緊貼、姿態沉穩、重心單純,是希臘</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Archaic
Period</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雕像的代表作。(請參考「愛琴海之旅(七)雅典國家考古博物館</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(下)」)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNoiYGHrvul_ThEMZkH0L3TTn7ff6H_t8BZbCWp824Idvt5Ghes9V8-ClgW2M7fPTxvgcs_IlnZG1mrb-QpxYmlS1IDBMArNiAfb2B50Qn2GT7akZuI9I_njKfQVlhhGU4EPj4izeChwvE/s1600/IMG_0458+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNoiYGHrvul_ThEMZkH0L3TTn7ff6H_t8BZbCWp824Idvt5Ghes9V8-ClgW2M7fPTxvgcs_IlnZG1mrb-QpxYmlS1IDBMArNiAfb2B50Qn2GT7akZuI9I_njKfQVlhhGU4EPj4izeChwvE/s640/IMG_0458+trim+level.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">希臘的城邦在戰爭前後,經常以兵器來祈福或謝神。這座博物館藏有一件青銅的圓盾和兩具戰盔。它還藏有一些其它青銅祭獻器皿的裝飾部件。在古典希臘文化中,青銅雕塑的地位,要比石雕來得高一些。可是在漫長的後世歲月裡,青銅雕塑常常被拿去融化再利用,所以倖存的數量要比石雕少很多,這和在中國的情況不太相同。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PrwKtEPpNUf4h5XC_1iDBBeVWa_fy6VhuL2W9uPeguJQj1YXS-TnNsZSLSaDbj__Q5BX9H7pGn-6uzeQsVKNvpIuqKHiaYWyMNX2uSxF9h2vSeDqJRj1CnQuBcXB9XsekhmQfoBznK9x/s1600/IMG_0453+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PrwKtEPpNUf4h5XC_1iDBBeVWa_fy6VhuL2W9uPeguJQj1YXS-TnNsZSLSaDbj__Q5BX9H7pGn-6uzeQsVKNvpIuqKHiaYWyMNX2uSxF9h2vSeDqJRj1CnQuBcXB9XsekhmQfoBznK9x/s640/IMG_0453+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgytmzqTrMeL-Mncrv9jugbyuRYW3HJZMcHIoSw5lifv9LxUbzGMTQbeUDLzY8bTQMSSQTWI6L-cBVKi3Xj2gEAAL9Ey_xx075f0GMEiBMrxPvRV6bpPU_2EfoSG5Ma9imYcajmZZJLJuJi/s1600/IMG_0497+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgytmzqTrMeL-Mncrv9jugbyuRYW3HJZMcHIoSw5lifv9LxUbzGMTQbeUDLzY8bTQMSSQTWI6L-cBVKi3Xj2gEAAL9Ey_xx075f0GMEiBMrxPvRV6bpPU_2EfoSG5Ma9imYcajmZZJLJuJi/s640/IMG_0497+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtsw9vFJx9LRx521CBTl0T2sqb2mJGTkQmU-uymrchIsDQ9C-IP-F3PSqRaR31_TxrWQdFWBSr7ib9b0scOX3KKyYtyoksUf7KiRbnbKLg7nStVW8HKQeN9bM6NOuj54iKdB4dMm8uRwl2/s1600/IMG_0523+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6A-fIYkEyRkb4tBHeo9q7LmtxSuDd3liZbYYiwsdrAy830ZRMi-5fRNGkqfEXJ6VpFDFIDEUkMi4Z9ObnK-od522lVisCaBslmY8Jc-x1jbhVYe1h9esLbh1hGm6TwKpn5Xj19dy1J2Zk/s1600/IMG_0449+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6A-fIYkEyRkb4tBHeo9q7LmtxSuDd3liZbYYiwsdrAy830ZRMi-5fRNGkqfEXJ6VpFDFIDEUkMi4Z9ObnK-od522lVisCaBslmY8Jc-x1jbhVYe1h9esLbh1hGm6TwKpn5Xj19dy1J2Zk/s640/IMG_0449+trim+level.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeyHtL8glWf-kOtwz-d41GZw8NztsEKv02Udsp4OOVztQkHJ5gSfObctnCqgkJvR-3CW-BRi7QVenogyyeJNs53L7GKlO7FWyWY1BZxB4gC94NmTxPTl8uNAdalpFV-Cc3z8vFj8p6ZS9T/s1600/IMG_0495+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeyHtL8glWf-kOtwz-d41GZw8NztsEKv02Udsp4OOVztQkHJ5gSfObctnCqgkJvR-3CW-BRi7QVenogyyeJNs53L7GKlO7FWyWY1BZxB4gC94NmTxPTl8uNAdalpFV-Cc3z8vFj8p6ZS9T/s640/IMG_0495+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtsw9vFJx9LRx521CBTl0T2sqb2mJGTkQmU-uymrchIsDQ9C-IP-F3PSqRaR31_TxrWQdFWBSr7ib9b0scOX3KKyYtyoksUf7KiRbnbKLg7nStVW8HKQeN9bM6NOuj54iKdB4dMm8uRwl2/s1600/IMG_0523+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtsw9vFJx9LRx521CBTl0T2sqb2mJGTkQmU-uymrchIsDQ9C-IP-F3PSqRaR31_TxrWQdFWBSr7ib9b0scOX3KKyYtyoksUf7KiRbnbKLg7nStVW8HKQeN9bM6NOuj54iKdB4dMm8uRwl2/s640/IMG_0523+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雖然整個希臘留存了不少古典時期的陶瓷器,不過可能是因為它的高度脆弱性及可攜帶性,所以在歷經數次高度破壞和劫掠的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,陶瓷器倖存的並不多。這座博物館幸好藏有一件繪著</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的淺酒杯,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的左手還抱著一把代表音樂(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的主管領域之一)的撥弦樂器</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
lyre</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(里拉琴)<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。古典希臘的早期陶繪(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">520 BC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">以後),主要是使用一種稱為「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Red-figure painting</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」的技巧<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(請參考「愛琴海之旅(五)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雅典國家考古博物館</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">精緻的希臘陶繪」:</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_49.html</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span>。它是用尖刀在釉色刻劃出圖形,所以其色塊的轉換邊緣都比較突然。而這具淺酒杯應該是在「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Red-figure painting</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」的技巧大為流行之前,所以人物的細部很不相同。像酒杯裡流出液體的呈現,不是「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Red-figure painting</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」裡容易見到的</span>。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyTohyphenhyphen0tHJmhcWV5AmvW07pNPrHcZMjKpE3Mt9dH7TIW9xhgJqXAjgY_ZoodrzH80_f63Gp3kckyVkJzXvu-XOhdCRr0OCfgZY2hG0BL0mwY2fnpsKG3JUArHNp8DIpGiNMw9CVoZFgCo/s1600/IMG_0508+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifyTohyphenhyphen0tHJmhcWV5AmvW07pNPrHcZMjKpE3Mt9dH7TIW9xhgJqXAjgY_ZoodrzH80_f63Gp3kckyVkJzXvu-XOhdCRr0OCfgZY2hG0BL0mwY2fnpsKG3JUArHNp8DIpGiNMw9CVoZFgCo/s640/IMG_0508+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">獅身人面像</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">是一個相當古老的神話角色,至今發現最古老的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">造型像有九千年之久。它的故事遍布西亞及埃及一帶的古文明地區,希臘文化當然也不能免俗。不過希臘的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">和比較著名的埃及</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">有一個區別:在埃及,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">被認為是良善的,但是在希臘,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">則被認為是邪惡的。那個</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">要過路人猜謎語以保命的有名故事,便是希臘的版本。不過不管善、惡,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">在埃及和希臘,都會被用來守衛神殿和陵墓。</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的這座博物館便藏有一件</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sphinx</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的石像,保存得還算完整,其美術風格則屬於前述的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Archaic style.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsHhy9bv52YlrJz4grKjg3thzjItl5ecFjKiOaPWewU8HWte3iXZDv9M_dV11Moc6yv59MXHZ6w9uRlJbGFrqDoBXtqgBAIpO46BPtl9q_FqnKjZLt_YEU2FKz_0V83s5P-z-_98-Eocv4/s1600/IMG_0460+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsHhy9bv52YlrJz4grKjg3thzjItl5ecFjKiOaPWewU8HWte3iXZDv9M_dV11Moc6yv59MXHZ6w9uRlJbGFrqDoBXtqgBAIpO46BPtl9q_FqnKjZLt_YEU2FKz_0V83s5P-z-_98-Eocv4/s640/IMG_0460+r+trim+level.jpg" width="476" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBG6mxZmeYlVqLdjSlSEVFZmKRhNqnIvB7tul_bxnw4vFZH5ks_KQA9GsAOlDb1owVrmtpwCLc9KXQ17xpmLx0PpWA9R13e8bw_tXFo8sTWtGQR9cTXgieAHbDTcdrXZ0YmL2t5K0qyYtr/s1600/IMG_0491+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBG6mxZmeYlVqLdjSlSEVFZmKRhNqnIvB7tul_bxnw4vFZH5ks_KQA9GsAOlDb1owVrmtpwCLc9KXQ17xpmLx0PpWA9R13e8bw_tXFo8sTWtGQR9cTXgieAHbDTcdrXZ0YmL2t5K0qyYtr/s640/IMG_0491+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">這座博物館藏有一件非常寶貴的文學和音樂史料,就是刻在石版上的兩首對</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的頌歌。而這幾塊石版特別的地方,是它在歌詞的上方刻有音調的標記。這是西方世界裡相當早的樂譜連同歌詞的史料。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0d6EYC2Bmh4x3uNrEatK5Z19Z1CpasUFuvV9IU7kKfqmYJuU-GFTJ6Im8QN_XObWtUU9RIMcPt8vPAGk9CymQaqruRqKfnnT3kbOlWFFH5-QPpoko19cJm5tLSV_NGFtcliTWNEeCqDGj/s1600/IMG_0516+level-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0d6EYC2Bmh4x3uNrEatK5Z19Z1CpasUFuvV9IU7kKfqmYJuU-GFTJ6Im8QN_XObWtUU9RIMcPt8vPAGk9CymQaqruRqKfnnT3kbOlWFFH5-QPpoko19cJm5tLSV_NGFtcliTWNEeCqDGj/s640/IMG_0516+level-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK9bA0zuHdxSrFpqrL-s0zQd6A9uiJV-LaXdUhy0P9ost86SIi22K-dtvVrLDaOsyDEUf8iAoPvwuoFNYc3o8Od04-TRWDSZc9-gsdspOnJGhGy1K7w3Ks9QqaKm6Ppnp5cB2IxVP_y3WF/s1600/IMG_0517+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK9bA0zuHdxSrFpqrL-s0zQd6A9uiJV-LaXdUhy0P9ost86SIi22K-dtvVrLDaOsyDEUf8iAoPvwuoFNYc3o8Od04-TRWDSZc9-gsdspOnJGhGy1K7w3Ks9QqaKm6Ppnp5cB2IxVP_y3WF/s640/IMG_0517+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">古希臘的公共建築外部,經常會有許多雕塑性的裝飾,特別是神殿東、西向的門廊上方三角地帶及南、北方的廊柱上方<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(請參考「愛琴海之旅</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">二</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">): </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">雅典市景觀</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">衛城之外(上)」</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_54.html</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)。</span>可惜的是,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">這類的雕塑,大部分都已經毀於有意的破壞,這裡是兩件比較部分完整的殘件。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKXKtaF9_dRpkzj46LNsCRP0sqhzGZjdo5m5vW61-lGzGgdL7G8t3GKbgtU6perFqAq8nVcVFlMOPKfNVcioJx9up-8zRPrYSKJtUNxwiG534RERFY0Osrq0a4N_Lcxlc1zCg9TVPuSPXs/s1600/IMG_0485+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKXKtaF9_dRpkzj46LNsCRP0sqhzGZjdo5m5vW61-lGzGgdL7G8t3GKbgtU6perFqAq8nVcVFlMOPKfNVcioJx9up-8zRPrYSKJtUNxwiG534RERFY0Osrq0a4N_Lcxlc1zCg9TVPuSPXs/s640/IMG_0485+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisJY_JwAqpwkRsVG_sokXBrjwOcMceWHnqckXgLcGR7iN_btAgYuNZnhGJ2fD2-JAJUKFTrfxYcwSaJwcOOexJkTWp_pPIw271roaEczUo3DuYVe7J1nsAL-313vfBGusDDcxWanMdogPL/s1600/IMG_0500+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisJY_JwAqpwkRsVG_sokXBrjwOcMceWHnqckXgLcGR7iN_btAgYuNZnhGJ2fD2-JAJUKFTrfxYcwSaJwcOOexJkTWp_pPIw271roaEczUo3DuYVe7J1nsAL-313vfBGusDDcxWanMdogPL/s640/IMG_0500+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">的倖存文物當中,有一塊刻有繩紋的大理石塊,被學者認為是古代用來標記世界的中心(肚臍眼)的「臍眼石」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Omphalos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt;">)。現在還被留在<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">室外</span>現場的那一塊,可能是比較晚期的,造型簡化了許多。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgceo6X9QYyHswhKDAvvZY1bW8FeA0TfISUxatquoHQUULN8cNIHBMx9lwKfA3oTNGNIC1r_qX34CyrcPH1GPl4MVA2fcjvIw-alKFaOtVYx3z9Jo8qRFH5opu4JUFqyaO0k1bWB_kOx8G/s1600/IMG_0531+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgceo6X9QYyHswhKDAvvZY1bW8FeA0TfISUxatquoHQUULN8cNIHBMx9lwKfA3oTNGNIC1r_qX34CyrcPH1GPl4MVA2fcjvIw-alKFaOtVYx3z9Jo8qRFH5opu4JUFqyaO0k1bWB_kOx8G/s640/IMG_0531+level.jpg" width="476" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在這座博物館的石雕像裡,有一尊可愛的小女孩,其創作年代已經進入了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Hellenistic
Period</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">323 BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">以後),所以其姿態、表情,衣紋等等,都已經到了爐火純青的地步。相對照的,是一尊年代更晚、羅馬皇帝「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hadrian</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(哈得良)的寵臣</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Antinous</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的雕像。雖然這尊雕像的創作者想模仿古典希臘時期的風格,但是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Antinous</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的髮式,及少年憂鬱的表情,都明顯地透露出羅馬藝術的寫實特質。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJafNyuVcsMxqWH8rzZloA89K2eoePeAcTb0aOWUD0KyXrxlOwYquFoppuygisqUVEqSRY0i80wS8rQTuLpPWkJNGliZm26p7y2v4F-CWE6DAEC6Ppl0MaXLxyKOdWh8-AddwxBYye8c4/s1600/IMG_0547+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizJafNyuVcsMxqWH8rzZloA89K2eoePeAcTb0aOWUD0KyXrxlOwYquFoppuygisqUVEqSRY0i80wS8rQTuLpPWkJNGliZm26p7y2v4F-CWE6DAEC6Ppl0MaXLxyKOdWh8-AddwxBYye8c4/s640/IMG_0547+trim+level.jpg" width="446" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKBHXhrPPvGyWfLG2tjX-YLsNo_CzDV_suXz3hHVqgS3kp8ySJtp2zM08S0okD1iN7QofWJqeZ_rQiP4M2N2oeoWinYgxIm_dfbGKJI8fQ-fuzjdPvjpF9fYtU-ic6sMRgJ32RkxnoiC2a/s1600/IMG_0557+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKBHXhrPPvGyWfLG2tjX-YLsNo_CzDV_suXz3hHVqgS3kp8ySJtp2zM08S0okD1iN7QofWJqeZ_rQiP4M2N2oeoWinYgxIm_dfbGKJI8fQ-fuzjdPvjpF9fYtU-ic6sMRgJ32RkxnoiC2a/s640/IMG_0557+level.jpg" width="478" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX7LMb1otvwjJu8YwFMbAP3p7auGJyboihKzEOITnTaHf04FI7WZ_YvW4Pvm1HqhJHM9li7N1hgV8IQo2qS8erdHgUYckITv1sWQW6n9i-6Cf_MiHou3NrrAiqYWO0iPdbAkcFhkEIxODj/s1600/IMG_0554+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX7LMb1otvwjJu8YwFMbAP3p7auGJyboihKzEOITnTaHf04FI7WZ_YvW4Pvm1HqhJHM9li7N1hgV8IQo2qS8erdHgUYckITv1sWQW6n9i-6Cf_MiHou3NrrAiqYWO0iPdbAkcFhkEIxODj/s640/IMG_0554+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這座博物館最為人稱道的展品,是一位賽馬車馭手的青銅雕像,據信是西西里島在一次</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Delphic Game </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的馬車賽獲勝之後鑄造紀念的。這組雕像原來還包含了四匹馬,不過只剩下一些殘塊。它的美術風格是典型的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Early
Classical Style</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。(請參考「愛琴海之旅(七)雅典國家考古博物館</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(下)」)體態已經從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Archaic
Style </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">有了大幅度的解放,但是仍嫌拘謹,而臉部表情則是典型「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Severe Style</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」的嚴肅。它的雕工精細,不論是衣紋、髮鬢、或是帽紋,都讓它成為希臘青銅雕像裡的珍品。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM1D-LhpkPiTBTS_ApVl-hIEX_JTY2Tkx2KLDer50egCPw6nVZDhA23AMEmD3wj2Vhb8a0YpzvhC2gU59U302WABFQxsefVLG3iNCLXWONMlj1dHj-6HppSzjqiSYt-3RFMz6DYM4IJ6k/s1600/IMG_0564+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAM1D-LhpkPiTBTS_ApVl-hIEX_JTY2Tkx2KLDer50egCPw6nVZDhA23AMEmD3wj2Vhb8a0YpzvhC2gU59U302WABFQxsefVLG3iNCLXWONMlj1dHj-6HppSzjqiSYt-3RFMz6DYM4IJ6k/s640/IMG_0564+level.jpg" width="472" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfKocwSxMv2rTDKtfZMgmFpW9sJE1dFY_MKQ-JNY4Kycg0NdwXnrnnpZyvN4JlwL9o-cYy23hyphenhyphenY4nGCR8Q-CrEknZmDcxGyhVHZVYq-LGgs_x4d9dKFroEExQ-HfRiCTMeTTm8LqzHMD9c/s1600/IMG_0565+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfKocwSxMv2rTDKtfZMgmFpW9sJE1dFY_MKQ-JNY4Kycg0NdwXnrnnpZyvN4JlwL9o-cYy23hyphenhyphenY4nGCR8Q-CrEknZmDcxGyhVHZVYq-LGgs_x4d9dKFroEExQ-HfRiCTMeTTm8LqzHMD9c/s640/IMG_0565+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是此行在希臘境內的最後一個景點,之後我們就返回雅典過夜,再搭機至土耳其的伊斯坦堡。在上機之前,還有兩個小時的時間,導遊帶我們趕赴雅典南方一個叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Cape
Sounion</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的海岬,參觀那裡的一座海神(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Poseidon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)神殿的遺跡。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Cape Sounion</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在雅典城邦的遠古傳說中,牽涉到一段有名的哀歌。事件發生的年代,如果拿後代的史料來相配,應該是在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
1500 BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">或更早,不過傳說通常是不會附帶確實的年代的。當時,位在克里特島上的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Minoan </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">文化還相當強盛,所以位於希臘半島上的希臘城邦都俯首稱臣。有一次,雅典城邦因故惱怒了克里特的國王,又在隨後的戰事裡敗給了克里特。於是克里特的國王,就要求雅典城邦每九年必須送七個少年、和七個少女去克里特島,作為那頭半人半牛的怪獸</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Minotaur </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的食物(請參考:「愛琴海之旅</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">十七</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">愛琴海文明的搖籃—</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">克里特島</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">下</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">)</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_68.html</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。這對雅典城邦來說,是一個很大的煎熬。有一回,雅典城邦的王子</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Theseus </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,自告奮勇要跟隨前去擊殺</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Minotaur</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。到克里特島之後,克里特島的公主愛上了他,於是在公主的幫助下,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Theseus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">成功地擊斃了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Minotaur</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,然後凱旋航返雅典。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Theseus
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在離開雅典之前和他的父王</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Aegeus </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">約定說:如果成功回來,船上就會把所掛的黑旗換成白旗。可是等到船隻航近雅典時,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Theseus </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和他的隨行都累得睡著了,忘了去把黑旗換成白旗。雅典王</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Aegeus
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">遠眺到船上的黑旗,哀痛逾恆,就在雅典城附近的一處海岬躍海自盡。後來希臘人為了紀念</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Aegeus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,把那一片海洋命名為</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Aegean Sea</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,也就是中文裡的「愛琴海」。而</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Aegeus
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">投海的那處海岬,就是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Cape
Sounion</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhER1dhHXWbIElUoHmFM5OSRukVjFWXpj1zpsQFA42bkXHV6bzpj7B3Q5tSdpSBEilcv1m7wF7uhKR9lQOIfi9nkkjg268l60wKMhrOcoLh3exKAP4FouJJPswtvdatoi2dntw_2_2i5K1X/s1600/IMG_1009+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhER1dhHXWbIElUoHmFM5OSRukVjFWXpj1zpsQFA42bkXHV6bzpj7B3Q5tSdpSBEilcv1m7wF7uhKR9lQOIfi9nkkjg268l60wKMhrOcoLh3exKAP4FouJJPswtvdatoi2dntw_2_2i5K1X/s640/IMG_1009+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBorPj9zTTpD23TXQcm_VrFg88IC-OYSKqL-2tzGmGcbdsoShVHx71qL8PFh7bYD9UTij-H2lY2xyEZxf0A_VGpiSB6ZnCfU9KklYXTfxg7TKN14agpTN-8chyphenhyphenggaQR89g8tFTRI8AIgD/s1600/IMG_0933+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBorPj9zTTpD23TXQcm_VrFg88IC-OYSKqL-2tzGmGcbdsoShVHx71qL8PFh7bYD9UTij-H2lY2xyEZxf0A_VGpiSB6ZnCfU9KklYXTfxg7TKN14agpTN-8chyphenhyphenggaQR89g8tFTRI8AIgD/s640/IMG_0933+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">白浪輕輕地拍撫海岬,好像在娓娓訴說著兩千多年前的往事。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-60160814896727651232013-12-13T16:20:00.000-08:002018-08-29T15:22:10.142-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十三) - Delphi (中) — 探索希臘神話裡的阿波羅<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Feb 2, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Olympia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的路途,大都沿著愛琴海岸,所以少不了明媚的風光,包括了一些養殖魚場,這裡養殖的魚主要是「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gilt-head
bream</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(金頭鯛)和「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">European seabass</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(歐洲鱸)<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。愛琴海的蔚藍頗為動人,可是這也透露了水中的浮游生物不多,食物鍊不發達,所以魚獲量也不會高。因此,養殖魚場可以<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">略有所補</span></span>。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x1nVzcscsAItVHVPfjxz2YeAGSakZs_k-HYmn265GoQds6s_dQOrytGCBB3jUhaK2RwH2LWj-oVfg5tdcqU0Mi8uaMhrlXb9Bry9VApUkK4C-u7UTtxWYDxkoaQFBKpvOnF6H1acs-Wv/s1600/IMG_0094+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1x1nVzcscsAItVHVPfjxz2YeAGSakZs_k-HYmn265GoQds6s_dQOrytGCBB3jUhaK2RwH2LWj-oVfg5tdcqU0Mi8uaMhrlXb9Bry9VApUkK4C-u7UTtxWYDxkoaQFBKpvOnF6H1acs-Wv/s640/IMG_0094+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEN8S6B0aDhqSQRS50YCiC8FRwsKqWwvbUSMGuxA2YSr1YRknjKjaWvROFuarJfCkgLZGlfwaJZ9uQ3C1M6aaaoAzt2mLAZJDgi20sboi7kVFNltNzH_BtN5i9vj1mPxoJCJQGWUAPOfbM/s1600/IMG_0101+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEN8S6B0aDhqSQRS50YCiC8FRwsKqWwvbUSMGuxA2YSr1YRknjKjaWvROFuarJfCkgLZGlfwaJZ9uQ3C1M6aaaoAzt2mLAZJDgi20sboi7kVFNltNzH_BtN5i9vj1mPxoJCJQGWUAPOfbM/s640/IMG_0101+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMvWrWNUGSEwOKrxF9nKOMN_Yw0EkvfY4GJRI4cu5UMxawLM1ZtizgEDbVRGXJb9tRtaRec6Z4eiJZ51LQcV4TARgQ-nuL9ndRIM7oBoCUySlFuKAtVuVCiRVr0P9rzV5wBxU-ddoZnd-w/s1600/IMG_0187+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMvWrWNUGSEwOKrxF9nKOMN_Yw0EkvfY4GJRI4cu5UMxawLM1ZtizgEDbVRGXJb9tRtaRec6Z4eiJZ51LQcV4TARgQ-nuL9ndRIM7oBoCUySlFuKAtVuVCiRVr0P9rzV5wBxU-ddoZnd-w/s640/IMG_0187+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEIYdFlTWs46FpfwKNHTJh0c9Lmp3LZCPMq_hOxjlHwDpnbjmbrmW4XlH-TyJeR7xiE5HC5XhxLzJoMO2AJ2aEk_OeS54c9NtJXbqC0BGnE4_N2jhD3uxNdAKsNMVgVzja9Cu-p4E2ob5/s1600/IMG_0210+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEIYdFlTWs46FpfwKNHTJh0c9Lmp3LZCPMq_hOxjlHwDpnbjmbrmW4XlH-TyJeR7xiE5HC5XhxLzJoMO2AJ2aEk_OeS54c9NtJXbqC0BGnE4_N2jhD3uxNdAKsNMVgVzja9Cu-p4E2ob5/s640/IMG_0210+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7FcixabyW8T7rWr4VIRMCIbeZGvawxJ9Fj5n7BjMfQyEYodmL5UHvdMCHmjuI0vpkzECZpcSSMLLEeHIbnhEZHV78T0soX21oHv8MUET5rh55NUOzTd77p6UsuZky_6t8FkKuO82luVqS/s1600/IMG_0217+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7FcixabyW8T7rWr4VIRMCIbeZGvawxJ9Fj5n7BjMfQyEYodmL5UHvdMCHmjuI0vpkzECZpcSSMLLEeHIbnhEZHV78T0soX21oHv8MUET5rh55NUOzTd77p6UsuZky_6t8FkKuO82luVqS/s640/IMG_0217+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHF1p8XM_P4_SbdvOOW8cB4vmpiTLHImHb6-enUbIBJJ_BsTrCRT8jas1JRw2DNp21G0UTUlDLprwb1v-YUaivF0Bn38Dm_4JlneGUU6uH7NG-ZDCRnZOu-TGwVq7nAxSDLv8zG1asiDD/s1600/IMG_9990+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHF1p8XM_P4_SbdvOOW8cB4vmpiTLHImHb6-enUbIBJJ_BsTrCRT8jas1JRw2DNp21G0UTUlDLprwb1v-YUaivF0Bn38Dm_4JlneGUU6uH7NG-ZDCRnZOu-TGwVq7nAxSDLv8zG1asiDD/s640/IMG_9990+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">古典時期的希臘人相信</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是世界的中心(肚臍),而這個肚臍是由一頭叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Python </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的怪獸看守著。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Artemis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(羅馬人稱之為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Diana </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">–戴安娜)是一對孿生兄妹,是宙斯神(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Zeus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)和女神</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Leto </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的愛情結晶。宙斯善妒的妻子</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Hera </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">知道以後大為憤怒,就派遣</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">去到處跟蹤騷擾</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Leto</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,不讓她有分娩的機會。所以</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">出生之後不久,就到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">手刃</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,以報母仇。然後將</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的屍體埋在地下,並將</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">變成自己的領地。我在上一集裡提到:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的靈媒</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在神靈附身前,會先吸入地下冒出的氣體,古希臘人相信那就是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的屍體腐化所產生的氣體。而</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這個名稱,也顯然與</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">息息相關。古希臘人經常以大蛇來呈現</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,影響所及,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">成了後世「蠎蛇」的兩個主要名稱之一(另一為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Boa</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。世界上最大型蛇類的第二、三、四、五、六名,都屬於</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這一族。只有第一和第七名的,屬於「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Boa</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」那一族。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhU4UkdIj-SavR0qU0KCLiUr57amZGdMmUCzsDNA8yvhuyx1b1PQzcdyZPEF5sZJDnkHordbNjO6q1PKFluVOb5-MQ744t2OrY6ePHONTbV9wwHTYdjhZLVM3bvhlaZ8NY1uPpZd20YNte/s1600/IMG_0515+level-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhU4UkdIj-SavR0qU0KCLiUr57amZGdMmUCzsDNA8yvhuyx1b1PQzcdyZPEF5sZJDnkHordbNjO6q1PKFluVOb5-MQ744t2OrY6ePHONTbV9wwHTYdjhZLVM3bvhlaZ8NY1uPpZd20YNte/s640/IMG_0515+level-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在希臘神話的男神之中,古典時期的希臘人對</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">情有獨鍾,不但把不少能力歸於他,而且經常把他塑造成年輕美男子的最佳面貌和體格<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。這裡有一張在</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Olympia </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">出土的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雕像的照片</span>。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-W-BXn8oBpHmIz6oTKOIKFs1xq8reGmW7z0JEvQAtygkzQb0T4kM2RbzJoyEmngyWons4ECci-P16bh4stGRQkyv2pynp76nis00HKAXB9D2vvUnS53EXLYpijnP1e_7APtpliYx7a79/s1600/IMG_9721+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-W-BXn8oBpHmIz6oTKOIKFs1xq8reGmW7z0JEvQAtygkzQb0T4kM2RbzJoyEmngyWons4ECci-P16bh4stGRQkyv2pynp76nis00HKAXB9D2vvUnS53EXLYpijnP1e_7APtpliYx7a79/s640/IMG_9721+trim+level.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在不少近代人的心目中,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">經常會被首先聯想到「太陽神」,其實在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在希臘神話裡的主管領域裡,「太陽神」這個領域是一個相當晚期的發展。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 850 BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">以前,希臘人相信</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">主管下列幾個領域:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.2in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(一)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">防止瘟疫禍害,及帶來瘟疫禍害</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.2in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(二)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">建立新的希臘殖民城市</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.2in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(三)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">醫療<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在希臘神話裡的醫神是</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo</span><span style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">的兒子</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Asclepius</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,而</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Asclepius</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的醫療能力則部分來自他的父親。</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Asclepius</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的標記是兩條互相纏繞的蛇,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在古城
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Ephesus</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(以弗所)的遺址上,就有一塊這樣的標記。 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "mingliu"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">直到今天,醫護界還是在使用這樣的標記。</span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXqGMGc2nG89ZSPB2cxA7FVPgyTEQh-zgshxi-kEYDqiZlafNc0-HyBoF90edAooRbcPhU05lbXMww3XOXHg8IZc3wT2qOiY6qp7sBZb5DU8Mdl6rLcWs-3QiGjvTsJEAtnauOpDmn3-_t/s1600/IMG_6612+r+trim+level2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXqGMGc2nG89ZSPB2cxA7FVPgyTEQh-zgshxi-kEYDqiZlafNc0-HyBoF90edAooRbcPhU05lbXMww3XOXHg8IZc3wT2qOiY6qp7sBZb5DU8Mdl6rLcWs-3QiGjvTsJEAtnauOpDmn3-_t/s640/IMG_6612+r+trim+level2.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.2in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(四)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">保護牧人及羊群</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.3in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">850-450
BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之間,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">被增加了下列幾個主管領域:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.2in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(五)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">預言。連帶的是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">地區</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Apollo </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">聖地的高度發展。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.2in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(六)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">音樂和藝術,並作為九位</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Muses</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(謬斯)的領導者</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.3in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">希臘神話裡原來就有一位太陽神</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Helios</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,直到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">450-300 BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之間,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">才逐漸與</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Helios</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">結合。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">850 BC </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是希臘文化脫離</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 300</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年的黑暗時期,開始復甦的年代,而</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">450 BC
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">則是希臘文化古典時期高峰的開始<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,大哲學家蘇格拉底就是<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 470 BC </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">出生、<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">399 BC </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">去世的</span>。(請參考:「愛琴海之旅(一) 愛琴海地區古代簡史」 <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_13.html </span>)由此可以看出:神話並非都形成在文化蒙眛的遠古時代;即使在文化高度發達的社會裡,神話還是有它發展的動力。另外,神話裡經常會隱藏著歷史的發展。譬如說:希臘神話裡開天闢地的最早一代神,是大地之母</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gaia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。英文裡面和「地球」有意的字頭「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Geo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(如</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">geography</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">geology</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">等等),就是源自「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gaia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」一字。</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">原來是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gaia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的聖地,後來才逐漸轉為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的聖地。不少歷史學家相信,本篇第一段所提的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">手刃</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的神話,其實是在反應當地民眾信仰上的歷史轉變,因為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Python</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Gaia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">派來守護世界中心(肚臍)的。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrtH8WmjreMMYYO-9zeSEndMJCuWZSN6Da06k7avllojIymJ9u_IJcSflPBuFC4lWCr0DQ19dGtxQbyT6KGi30zmcT5k2IX7kh3pceF8C8LjEhlQglk2_ssxltXd3PSCuGZuuiEVhTG4G2/s1600/IMG_0427+trim++level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrtH8WmjreMMYYO-9zeSEndMJCuWZSN6Da06k7avllojIymJ9u_IJcSflPBuFC4lWCr0DQ19dGtxQbyT6KGi30zmcT5k2IX7kh3pceF8C8LjEhlQglk2_ssxltXd3PSCuGZuuiEVhTG4G2/s640/IMG_0427+trim++level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 有趣的是:古典希臘人好像不會讓他們的神完全安安穩穩地,總會幫他們製造一些憾事。譬如說:有一回</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">看到愛神</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Eros</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(即羅馬神話裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Cupid</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「邱比特」)持著弓箭,就嘲笑他小孩子玩大人的武器(弓箭也是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的商標武器)。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Eros</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">不甘受辱,就向</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">射了一箭,讓他去瘋狂地愛上仙女</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Daphane </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,同時又向</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Daphane</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">射了一箭,讓她去極端討厭</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。於是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">開始如癡如醉地追逐</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Daphane</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,而</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Daphane</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">也沒命地逃跑,只見他們一前一後地狂奔。就在快要被追上的時候,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Daphane</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">求她的河神父親來救她,她的父親就把她變成一株月桂樹。從此</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">便對月桂樹戀戀不捨,月桂也成了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的標誌植物,也因此後來在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">舉行的每四年一次全希臘的體育、音樂、及文藝競賽裡(請參考<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">:「愛琴海之旅</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">二十二</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Delphi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">—</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">人類欲知未來的渴望」</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/delphi.html</span>),優勝者的獎品是一頂月桂冠。</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">古希臘人喜歡拿植物、特別是花卉,來作為神話故事的結局,像 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的一位男性好友</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> Hyacinthus</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,有一次在和</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">比賽擲鐵餅的時候,被 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">誤擲中而身亡,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在哀傷之餘,就把 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Hyacinthus </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">變成了一株中文稱為「風信子」的美麗花卉。</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx_pbgKHWGdtLhFeWbbmGpBEnICsVEHFbBhupvWmjIS-ZHlVvPGOjz3sIh_QX91gIP1H3ere8K7vPVmp_nza5Qw6WaUyQmG6V6f_AR9WAumnzDkx91DxtVWovl-OBKYtJei0yeE8ASLQqw/s1600/IMG_0464+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx_pbgKHWGdtLhFeWbbmGpBEnICsVEHFbBhupvWmjIS-ZHlVvPGOjz3sIh_QX91gIP1H3ere8K7vPVmp_nza5Qw6WaUyQmG6V6f_AR9WAumnzDkx91DxtVWovl-OBKYtJei0yeE8ASLQqw/s640/IMG_0464+trim+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0xli132IQTGzGw1KvEZDxIvKcz4zQi4SIBF4SCeKWqkNKKkKURI4AZL_2P2rHBZVQ5JpRUWrWfsTHCQzjBg8AAtJjnmAHrr5jbsunHMxF8Rud2nj4dwEgBTXCzptJvRT2oTbS4N1D3lUu/s1600/IMG_0445+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0xli132IQTGzGw1KvEZDxIvKcz4zQi4SIBF4SCeKWqkNKKkKURI4AZL_2P2rHBZVQ5JpRUWrWfsTHCQzjBg8AAtJjnmAHrr5jbsunHMxF8Rud2nj4dwEgBTXCzptJvRT2oTbS4N1D3lUu/s640/IMG_0445+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-GRMfqpHq822DmyfjyNQbyqDKOcMpblPZB7Ve4vVVzDcIGASuaCxIL32Q3zx-kUCPHjwQNEH4Ldn2rBVFVCD45UXmC2v9gSK-Zx0pYJ4i5XEOfwAav0ckPFrXccPH9m-ziTWvNGDRBMVQ/s1600/IMG_0472+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-GRMfqpHq822DmyfjyNQbyqDKOcMpblPZB7Ve4vVVzDcIGASuaCxIL32Q3zx-kUCPHjwQNEH4Ldn2rBVFVCD45UXmC2v9gSK-Zx0pYJ4i5XEOfwAav0ckPFrXccPH9m-ziTWvNGDRBMVQ/s640/IMG_0472+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 古希臘人在重要事件前後,有習慣到神的聖地去祈神或謝神,其朝拜的單位往往會到「城邦」的層級,所以神的聖地常常有各城邦建的存放酬神獻品的建築物,稱為「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Treasury</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Delphi </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">就建有好幾個城邦的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Treasury</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,可惜大部分都被破壞殆盡,只有雅典城邦的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Treasury</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">還留下了足夠的殘留物,讓法國的考古隊得以部分修補復原。那是雅典城邦為了紀念馬拉松之役的勝利而建造的,是一件可貴的建築史證。</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjadxYAkztE2xlwYwUO8P7-eD22DUK2tLQIYYhSaBlVLp1BcWliGFSpBUqq3tVRERmUHbAioik0VjvYrkfdeIR_WChgIhWvy83AS0N3VZPB-av4wXsYiv2u0AqbzgoplQJVBkaF_9TizEzS/s1600/IMG_0436+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjadxYAkztE2xlwYwUO8P7-eD22DUK2tLQIYYhSaBlVLp1BcWliGFSpBUqq3tVRERmUHbAioik0VjvYrkfdeIR_WChgIhWvy83AS0N3VZPB-av4wXsYiv2u0AqbzgoplQJVBkaF_9TizEzS/s640/IMG_0436+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEL3niyC9IvtRzW0BYxTWVoy71j7-OCgrB0EyWtPh9DPs7l5L0vgYe28Qzch4GIbBun3lfwOXBjfW72wJNR0HvDQ2J1dwcCY90aJz_egS0ZMCVHLqeh0MbgMmlsPgsGtwPlzbIPYIDQdH1/s1600/IMG_0512+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEL3niyC9IvtRzW0BYxTWVoy71j7-OCgrB0EyWtPh9DPs7l5L0vgYe28Qzch4GIbBun3lfwOXBjfW72wJNR0HvDQ2J1dwcCY90aJz_egS0ZMCVHLqeh0MbgMmlsPgsGtwPlzbIPYIDQdH1/s640/IMG_0512+trim+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Delphi</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">其實並不完全是</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的聖地,那裡還有一座比較小型的雅典娜神殿,不過也是殘破凋零,僅剩下一座環型廊亭(被稱為「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Tholos</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」)的一部分,供後人憑弔。絕大部分的古希臘宗教建築都是方形的,這座環型的廊亭是一個少見特例。</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxgn8CPBVvcaSATHUHmMEX7zdoROEOiMLgtlm46ZPYuLuQ6c7ZmmhD-qvyZCF9S7WoD00XL5LKAq7vwdKrekt0r8eC8gpgGFgXqNz_XwpNsINVsMhAdUBZDu0kxTAs9xZ9G3K8Z-zWY0IC/s1600/IMG_0443+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxgn8CPBVvcaSATHUHmMEX7zdoROEOiMLgtlm46ZPYuLuQ6c7ZmmhD-qvyZCF9S7WoD00XL5LKAq7vwdKrekt0r8eC8gpgGFgXqNz_XwpNsINVsMhAdUBZDu0kxTAs9xZ9G3K8Z-zWY0IC/s640/IMG_0443+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">現地有一座博物館,裡面有一具</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">神殿區的復原模型,可以從那兒憑弔此地當年盛世的輝煌。反顧<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">實地所見遭人為破壞之後</span>的滿目瘡痍,不禁引人長嘆!</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Pou7rNGB3YTFo0hgAoxyg6cGyUGS0CsOI5Vum4u9gzB_jkfHgKFz1e3afHftBVoQ3Xl7t68OZPCJnAGcRLnyeLGvPWai58JOfWjCkrkgbGtFhtAIdj2eGgsq2hMc6fPU16voknkf1WBO/s1600/IMG_0575+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Pou7rNGB3YTFo0hgAoxyg6cGyUGS0CsOI5Vum4u9gzB_jkfHgKFz1e3afHftBVoQ3Xl7t68OZPCJnAGcRLnyeLGvPWai58JOfWjCkrkgbGtFhtAIdj2eGgsq2hMc6fPU16voknkf1WBO/s640/IMG_0575+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span> </div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-30948358038535896202013-12-13T16:15:00.000-08:002018-08-29T15:23:20.980-07:00淺談睡眠<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- January 12, 2017 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
</div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">睡眠</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是人類與許多動物從事最多的活動之一,可是人類對它的瞭解,至今仍然很不完整。不過,比起三、四十年前,已經豐富很多了。</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzxOXa1zE3-UkA1gtuf5mmTQ5enIBGRfyVQSwsELN6LjBqHEmBQS_mT1cx7u9WW2fu94xajx7Ph_uoRslsT3Ipv3_I0bg0wKqM8ue7tFxj8Fq4ltFgNziChUAhkf-il5iok2esxXmPZTSw/s1600/IMG_8626+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzxOXa1zE3-UkA1gtuf5mmTQ5enIBGRfyVQSwsELN6LjBqHEmBQS_mT1cx7u9WW2fu94xajx7Ph_uoRslsT3Ipv3_I0bg0wKqM8ue7tFxj8Fq4ltFgNziChUAhkf-il5iok2esxXmPZTSw/s640/IMG_8626+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">譬如說,一個很基本的問題是:「是怎樣的生理過程,使睡眠成為許多動物不可或缺的狀態呢?」至今科學界仍然還未找到關鍵性的答案。雖然睡眠已知有不少功用(後面會提到)、和演化上的優點,但是這些功用和優點,都不足以單獨解釋睡眠的完全必要性。最近有些研究,鎖定在腦細胞能源續補的方向上,例如腦細胞的能源使用過程中,一種核心化學物資</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> adenosine</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(腺苷)的回收上。他們或許有機會可以找到答案,不過離完成還有一段距離。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">一般日常經驗告訴我們,有兩件事情會產生睡意:一是晝夜的循環,也就是所謂的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Circadian Cycle</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(請參考我的另外一篇部落格文章:「生理時鐘」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_45.html"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_45.html</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。更重要的,則是從上一次起床到目前的清醒時間。這個時間越長,睡意越強。至於是大腦的那一個位置、那一個生理活動、或是那一個化學物質的濃度、在主管這個睡意的強弱?它又如何隨著清醒時間的長短來變化呢?科學界仍然在研究當中。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">科學界在研究睡眠上,使用最多的工具是腦波圖(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Electroencephalogram</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">簡稱</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">EEG</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。從腦波圖,睡眠可以被分成四種時期:「快速動眼期」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Rapid-eye Movement</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">簡稱</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">REM</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、和三個不同的「非快速動眼期」(簡稱</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">non-REM</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。典型的睡眠是從「非快速動眼第一期」開始,然後轉變到「非快速動眼第二期」,再轉變到「非快速動眼第三期」,最後轉變到「快速動眼期」,完成一個週期,再從「非快速動眼一期」開始另外一個週期。通常一個晚上會有四到五個週期,每個週期大約</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">90</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">分鐘。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrSWQEHxc8Z1qGzzQbp6n-QVYT8HwP7e9AWcQNZKUwZsgQo4GhJlPvFp_f1PQ0FPTFxev1Y4sguTHtc4XaXQ60KnStDhFJdHnnjljIwpgzK883Ob_tgK4tn9G3qRi8Gu3oSxTMJZOKlPDR/s1600/hypnography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrSWQEHxc8Z1qGzzQbp6n-QVYT8HwP7e9AWcQNZKUwZsgQo4GhJlPvFp_f1PQ0FPTFxev1Y4sguTHtc4XaXQ60KnStDhFJdHnnjljIwpgzK883Ob_tgK4tn9G3qRi8Gu3oSxTMJZOKlPDR/s640/hypnography.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">那三個「非快速動眼期」被<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">研究人員</span>認為彼此性質類似,主要是深度上的差異。但是「快速動眼期」則屬於很不相同的性質。有趣的是:在<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">比較前面的週期裡</span>,「非快速動眼期」所佔的比例相當高,可是越到後面的週期,「快速動眼期」所佔的比例就越來越高。這個現象,促使科學家懷疑「非快速動眼期」與「快速動眼期」是否有因果關係?至目前研究的結果,顯示出:「清醒」<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">會</span>導致對「非快速動眼期睡眠」的需求,而「非快速動眼期睡眠」<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">則會</span>導致對「快速動眼期睡眠」的需求。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJrg8MIbZwBhCd5TqG0hMehhfxH8FRlxaCEwroQattd7kMFOvf5UQXvNBT1xx6mHjeDjR0lEwTgBlrUNR5cM64bFKT0uO8g-W0enLs_7V3BVtdPcnXbBiRy09pOPLkngkPmrq4-GMVR8W6/s1600/cross+section+of+the+brain.png.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJrg8MIbZwBhCd5TqG0hMehhfxH8FRlxaCEwroQattd7kMFOvf5UQXvNBT1xx6mHjeDjR0lEwTgBlrUNR5cM64bFKT0uO8g-W0enLs_7V3BVtdPcnXbBiRy09pOPLkngkPmrq4-GMVR8W6/s640/cross+section+of+the+brain.png.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">大腦的主要思維區域,是大腦的皮質區,特別是前半部的皮質區。要保持意識的清醒,大腦深部及腦幹這些比較原始基本部份的幾個神經核(包括 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">basal forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, raphe nuclei,
locus coeruleus,</span> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">以及 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tuberomammillary
neurons</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),必須不斷地傳送刺激訊號至大腦的皮質區。在要進入「非快速動眼期睡眠」時,一個叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ventrolateral preoptic nucleus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的神經核,會送抑制訊號到上述的幾個神經核,把它們逐漸關掉。(同時,另外一個叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">thalamic reticular nucleus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的神經核,會去抑制大腦其他部分送資訊到大腦皮質的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">一些衢道</span>。)到了「非快速動眼期睡眠」的第三期,這些刺激訊號大都被關閉了,而大腦前半部的皮質區也真正進入<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">低活動的</span>「休息」狀態。「休息」了一陣子,大腦會經過「非快速動眼期」的第二期及第一期,或直接就轉變到「快速動眼期」。此時大腦的其他部分,會逐漸恢復對大腦皮質區的刺激<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">與傳訊</span>,但是大腦對外部肌肉的控制通路會被關閉,只剩下少數像對眼部肌肉的控制,此期間「快速動眼」的現象,便是因此而來。</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJiKreTJPtyFrXeLJonGKWarHoRpTf7nOynh6mYgkGL1UnOynQrhIYDdI_zv1Y0pnZCsMyW8Mk6Yg56TDkXIZOecVVEdEH4tHmRI8oeFQWjC1lFSs2yhNJ-nmQtSju6SZ9GVmrVxP-Rw9/s1600/neucleus+related+to+sleep+and+wake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJiKreTJPtyFrXeLJonGKWarHoRpTf7nOynh6mYgkGL1UnOynQrhIYDdI_zv1Y0pnZCsMyW8Mk6Yg56TDkXIZOecVVEdEH4tHmRI8oeFQWjC1lFSs2yhNJ-nmQtSju6SZ9GVmrVxP-Rw9/s640/neucleus+related+to+sleep+and+wake.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">近年來的研究,發現睡眠在記憶上扮演了一個很重要的角色。這並不是因為「睡眠不足,精神不佳,對資訊的接收不良」而導致的記憶不良,那是另外一回事。重要的是:在清醒時接受到的資訊,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">會暫時存在 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">hippocampus
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">及</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> amygdala </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">附近的短期記憶區。而在當晚「非快速動眼期」的第三期,它們會把一些比較重要的資訊</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,〝教〞給大腦皮質裡的長期記憶區。科學家在動物身實驗中,很清楚地觀察到這個「教」的過程,並且發現 </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hippocampus </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">把資訊〝告訴〞大腦皮質的速率,比資訊的真實發生速率要快十倍以上。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjiv1MKzZXRZxHHTfOlrvc3E1ZWjN6J01-2_SlZUG9vg1RPXq8iDc8x6MxPegsMbMb0ZxKwBraeNtAAfCW3PT8KIGx08NjmHDfZfbC332UoPMdaYQjzlDboMo-QyUo9YjGejKkc6ygaKu/s1600/hippocampus+and+amygdala.png.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjiv1MKzZXRZxHHTfOlrvc3E1ZWjN6J01-2_SlZUG9vg1RPXq8iDc8x6MxPegsMbMb0ZxKwBraeNtAAfCW3PT8KIGx08NjmHDfZfbC332UoPMdaYQjzlDboMo-QyUo9YjGejKkc6ygaKu/s640/hippocampus+and+amygdala.png.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">上面這個將資訊從短期記憶區轉存到長期記憶區的過程,被叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">memory consolidation</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(記憶強化),另外一個重要的記憶處理過程,是將新資訊整理進原有的記憶資料裡,甚至從新、舊資訊之間,歸納出更多的智慧。這個過程被叫做「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">memory integration</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」」(記憶整合)。至目前的研究,顯示出這個記憶整合過程似乎大部分在「快速動眼期」完成。另外有一類特殊的記憶資訊被「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">non-declarative memory</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」(非可陳述性的記憶資訊),是像騎自行車,溜冰、滑雪那樣的技能。它們在大腦裡的記憶儲存過程不太一樣,至於它們的記憶強化是發生在那一個睡眠期間呢?目前資料並不多,還待更多的研究來確認。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">綜合上面兩個段落,在考試前與其開夜車抱佛腳,還不如平時就好好學習、好好睡覺。另外有趣的是:在「非快速動眼期」所發生的「記憶強化」過程,當事人完全不知覺它的發生。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我們常說的「夢魘」,其實有兩種:一種是可以被喚醒,而且當事人記得做過有關的夢。這種「夢魘」通常發生在「快速動眼期」,而其原因比較單純是當時大腦對外部肌肉的控制通路沒有被關妥。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">另外一種比較容易發生在小孩及少年身上的「夢魘」,當事人不容易被喚醒,而且當事人經常事後並不知情。這種「夢魘」通常發生在「快速動眼期」,而其原因則是比較複雜的睡眠過程異常。一般人所說的「夢遊」,和這第二種「夢魘」的病理類似。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></o:p></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「做夢」是醒來之後還記得的大腦經驗,通常是當事人從「快速動眼期」被吵醒或自動醒來之前大腦活動的殘跡<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。(如果是從「非快速動眼期」被吵醒,當事人通常不會有做夢的記憶。) 在</span>「快速動眼期」裡,大腦的其他區域會對大腦皮質逐漸恢復刺激與連繫,而大腦皮質也會試圖去詮釋這些刺激與資訊,因而產生夢的內容。但是一方面這些刺激與連繫還不若清醒時那麼正常與規律,另一方面,那時大腦與外界運動、感官的通路大部分是被切斷的,大腦皮質得不到現實環境的回饋,所以其詮釋經常會天馬行空。在這兩個因素之下,夢的內容不一定反應了當事人的心理缺陷或疾病。因此佛洛依德那套「夢的解析」理論,可以束之高閣了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">附記: 由於右方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Archive </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只能列出最近一百篇文章,所以我把其他的三十多篇文章的標題及連結列在一個稱為「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁」的網頁上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。如果您有興趣瀏覽那三十多篇文章,歡迎點選下方的連結。</span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; font-size: 13pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文章列表的第二頁</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/more-articles.html</span></a></span></span></span><br />
<br />
</span>Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-15713247108326847452013-12-13T16:10:00.000-08:002017-02-02T17:51:55.166-08:00愛琴海之旅 (二十二) - Delphi (上) — 人類欲知未來的渴望<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Nov 25, 2016 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHq81aU_gOb2IAfWVxKEBvVVkjgCxWbA4glcirNBKbECmviybQiArwyLnWjnxU_YATufuWjPTBSoOmmpUSOLLKuI8elxQ2w9mp7gytSVmlsnSmzzXGB6Cw-ZomzDtPTgPSyoVh_Ayo7xXY/s1600/IMG_0454+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHq81aU_gOb2IAfWVxKEBvVVkjgCxWbA4glcirNBKbECmviybQiArwyLnWjnxU_YATufuWjPTBSoOmmpUSOLLKuI8elxQ2w9mp7gytSVmlsnSmzzXGB6Cw-ZomzDtPTgPSyoVh_Ayo7xXY/s640/IMG_0454+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">人類對未來的看法(這裡的「未來」,不是指宇宙天文學裡巨觀的未來,而是指你我日常生活細節裡的未來),基本可以分為兩種:一種是認為未來早已經被決定了,只是人類沒有能力去看到而已。在這種看法之下,能力超過人類的神靈,是可能去看到未來的。另一種對未來看法,則是認為未來是在物理定律及或然率自由運作之下的未定狀態。在這種看法之下,即使能力超過人類的神靈(至少是某些定義下的神靈),也無法看到未來<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這與一個很重要的哲學、科學論戰息息相關,那就是「人類有沒有自由意志呢?」譬如說:如果連未來的生活細節都早已經被決定了,那即意味著人類沒有自由意志。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這一個論戰,至今仍方興未艾。到目前科學的進展,仍然無法確定那一種看法是對的</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">不論您對未來的看法是那一種,自古以來人類對預知未來一直有高度的渴望,也因此從事了許多活動、試圖去預知未來。幾乎所有主要的人類文明的歷史裡,都可以找到這一類的活動。在中國歷史上最為人知的,是商、周兩朝代的占卜。而在西方歷史上最為人知的,則是位於希臘</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">阿波羅神殿裡的預言靈媒了。希臘人稱這些預言靈媒為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">其實說到「靈媒」,我想不少生長在台灣的朋友,會和我一樣,要比近代得歐美人士更知道是那怎樣一個情況。在我小時候居住的社區裡,還常可以見到靈媒或類似的現象。雖然台灣那時候的靈媒,主要的功能是和死去的人溝通,而不是去預示未來。但是其運作的現象,卻和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">阿波羅神殿裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">頗為相似,運作時會進入一種據稱是神靈附體的恍惚狀態。不過我還沒看到文獻裡有記載說:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,會像台灣的靈媒那樣,在神靈附體時會說異國語言。(類似基督教某些派別裡時有所聞的「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">speaking
in tongues</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」現象。)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHaLcR3f9VEOLNnny2dKuAGYZBnavVa3muTl_M3S540i8s8V6BHC7rW1ksM05L1AOTdZx1zHr1zAvs31PHM9D4sgDmpvWPlBlJ1LWVez6wZHYfnAG8Rl33wWsUfmZCwRerF3kLXdq14VD/s1600/Delphi-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHaLcR3f9VEOLNnny2dKuAGYZBnavVa3muTl_M3S540i8s8V6BHC7rW1ksM05L1AOTdZx1zHr1zAvs31PHM9D4sgDmpvWPlBlJ1LWVez6wZHYfnAG8Rl33wWsUfmZCwRerF3kLXdq14VD/s640/Delphi-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">整個古典希臘世界裡,有好幾處神的聖地(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sanctuary</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),其中比較為近代人所知的有三處。在前面的幾集中,我已經和大家分享過了兩處,那就是位於古典希臘世界西南部的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Olympia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(請見「</span><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">愛琴海之旅</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">二十</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">) </span></span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">全人類的和平互動與光榮</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">—</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">奧林匹亞</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Olympia (</span></span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">上</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">)</span></span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」 </span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/olympia.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/olympia.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),和位於古典希臘世界東南部的雅典衛城(請見「</span><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">愛琴海之旅(四)</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">雅典衛城</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」
</span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_53.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_53.html</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。而第三處,則是位於古典希臘世界中部的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">了。這三處所屬的神,分別是</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Zeus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(宙斯)、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Athena</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(雅典娜)、和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Apollo</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(阿波羅)。阿波羅在希臘神話中掌管預知,所以</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">以預言靈媒而享盛名。(老實說,我並不確定這是「雞生蛋」,還是「蛋生雞」?)</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在地理上有兩個有趣的對照,第一個對照上面已經提及:前者在中、而後者在西南。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">第二個對照則為:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是一片平地,但</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">則是以石灰岩為主的陡峭山地,所以景致大不相同。另外,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">附近有幾條斷層,這和它的靈媒現象或許有些關連,我在後面會提到。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDSRE_zf9gDy6-Zok46ST9BmxjOKHhtr3EzwgQ6Md8y8NoBgCwvnNm7ND1EO9xbC-SGriSkIA7vnxJIln27g5UQ7f_4SRUVdNvXowKxMigkGkq4A1YaFHHUzgktSKxlpyUOZxb-t9G8azf/s1600/IMG_0354+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDSRE_zf9gDy6-Zok46ST9BmxjOKHhtr3EzwgQ6Md8y8NoBgCwvnNm7ND1EO9xbC-SGriSkIA7vnxJIln27g5UQ7f_4SRUVdNvXowKxMigkGkq4A1YaFHHUzgktSKxlpyUOZxb-t9G8azf/s640/IMG_0354+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoUqPnh-Zdr5RlZW4GdiwDHqKfaLBEZ9W8yYPWRz9AgmAS4nnmeMeU0pv8Z7kGv_HOvkOzNg2dT_Ina3OE_1CcKkBtnYmB7yCwBJrDmkrVj92QXB5Iqktk7cx2A8Bw7WMH4TFY4wh8nDFa/s1600/IMG_0396+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoUqPnh-Zdr5RlZW4GdiwDHqKfaLBEZ9W8yYPWRz9AgmAS4nnmeMeU0pv8Z7kGv_HOvkOzNg2dT_Ina3OE_1CcKkBtnYmB7yCwBJrDmkrVj92QXB5Iqktk7cx2A8Bw7WMH4TFY4wh8nDFa/s640/IMG_0396+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEV3mf1uDYVGSG6yFYJFv6u7x6qBXuiL6HiCITwRoNkFhezQqRvtXbkXeLy2wDbiBhlQn5yDW3jL7s5-bwIoH9w_2wlE6JKvG-hJf2GziUKlSjLuxPOFqd_pADZ04N9svRPF9tcqt27me2/s1600/IMG_0425+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEV3mf1uDYVGSG6yFYJFv6u7x6qBXuiL6HiCITwRoNkFhezQqRvtXbkXeLy2wDbiBhlQn5yDW3jL7s5-bwIoH9w_2wlE6JKvG-hJf2GziUKlSjLuxPOFqd_pADZ04N9svRPF9tcqt27me2/s640/IMG_0425+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">阿波羅神殿裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,有兩則有趣的相關故事。第一則是:在愛琴海對岸的土耳其半島上,有一個叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lydia
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的國家,它在西元前</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 550 <span lang="ZH-TW">年附近的國王</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Croesus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,非常喜愛希臘文明,也因而篤信</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span lang="ZH-TW">阿波羅神殿裡的</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。當時,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lydia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在他的領導之下,國力漸趨強盛。可是,在它西鄰的波斯王國,也在崛起之中,所以</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Croesus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">想先發制人,去攻打波斯王國。不過,他並沒有把握一定會成功,於是他派人去請教</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">阿波羅神殿裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的答覆是:「如果你渡過與波斯王國的界河,有一個偉大的國家會覆亡。」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Croesus
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">聽了很高興,就出兵攻打波斯王國,結果是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lydia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">覆亡了。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtKcWcMZH7BakmpnZFioYmhIAe-h3Ojlhl5mrsMAdDEaYgQgCSANthbHNQSK6w-LsPrXcg97AAvJWfVZUGZ7rFWw7xmaxLtw5_cmez2YKOkbXfAwk32D3aXp4j2vdIXe0Yx8AQPJ9ZmbD/s1600/IMG_0365+trim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixtKcWcMZH7BakmpnZFioYmhIAe-h3Ojlhl5mrsMAdDEaYgQgCSANthbHNQSK6w-LsPrXcg97AAvJWfVZUGZ7rFWw7xmaxLtw5_cmez2YKOkbXfAwk32D3aXp4j2vdIXe0Yx8AQPJ9ZmbD/s640/IMG_0365+trim.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirvJUZJ8jotjIWL80n1HY5iQCLPSx591cr81aEIGk9CTlu4Z4YEEN1_JrM93To2ncjspvewK_qq7rzmkWxjJuPMP1sI4KzgLpHeQmr3N3qlJ5K6mLcLgLyBBqiy3zqxKOA2LJWTHI9K1V1/s1600/IMG_0423+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirvJUZJ8jotjIWL80n1HY5iQCLPSx591cr81aEIGk9CTlu4Z4YEEN1_JrM93To2ncjspvewK_qq7rzmkWxjJuPMP1sI4KzgLpHeQmr3N3qlJ5K6mLcLgLyBBqiy3zqxKOA2LJWTHI9K1V1/s640/IMG_0423+trim+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">第二則故事也和波斯有關。在西元前</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">490 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,已經強大了的波斯,派出一支並不是很大的軍隊去攻打雅典,以教訓它不要幫在土耳其半島上的希臘殖民地去叛變波斯、結果是大家熟知的馬拉松之役。所以波斯在十年之後,也就是西元前</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 490
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年,傾全力而出,準備收拾雅典及整個希臘世界。起初戰事一面倒,希臘世界的東半部都被波斯攻下了,眼看著波斯大軍就要兵臨雅典城下了。有些雅典人,趕緊托人去請</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">阿波羅神殿裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">指點迷津,而</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的答覆是:「在一個木箱子裡,你可以找到安全。」有部分雅典人,真的在城裡建造木質防禦結構。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">另外一些雅典人,則乘船出海,準備利用希臘人航海技術的優勢,在海上和波斯決戰。結果後來雅典海軍果然大勝波斯,而留在雅典城裡的那些人,則被攻入城裡的波斯陸軍消滅殆盡。原來</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">所說的「木箱子」,指的是的船艦。(當時的船艦,都是木質的。)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzB2NRap9ccaVo1aXUPfLDQ5UCsmtZdEMQ9t3ARF4YIhyphenhyphenRDE5w5FMoMcAEcavvXeot9RuJ7Zlw6oUzXWtJs_MZf-K19aFwpAfH6amje5MigqVFAGgojUXivJ69nFiBF15etWQO7FCZ4iN-/s1600/IMG_0438+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzB2NRap9ccaVo1aXUPfLDQ5UCsmtZdEMQ9t3ARF4YIhyphenhyphenRDE5w5FMoMcAEcavvXeot9RuJ7Zlw6oUzXWtJs_MZf-K19aFwpAfH6amje5MigqVFAGgojUXivJ69nFiBF15etWQO7FCZ4iN-/s640/IMG_0438+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtGuFsBdHfgeNQpgNEmPNeab4TbSPB-DABI3A3rEKrqZwXcygMg71Db0lb-lsHdZ0NdsupT6YoFSm6GhR9Esi479tFDcjG-Lg8xC05xLZLyBm5Me8aQNZnBfk1tbxergoFWhch-EV2rmoy/s1600/IMG_0439+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtGuFsBdHfgeNQpgNEmPNeab4TbSPB-DABI3A3rEKrqZwXcygMg71Db0lb-lsHdZ0NdsupT6YoFSm6GhR9Esi479tFDcjG-Lg8xC05xLZLyBm5Me8aQNZnBfk1tbxergoFWhch-EV2rmoy/s640/IMG_0439+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在古代的文獻中,提到說</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">阿波羅神殿裡的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,在求神靈附體之前,會去吸入地下冒出來的氣體。剛好阿波羅神殿位在兩道斷層的交界點,是有一些岩層的空隙可以讓下層的氣體逸散出來,所以近代有些學者著手研究到底是那種氣體,幫助</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">進入神靈附體的恍惚狀態?不過至今仍然未有定論。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">其實近年來神經醫學對大腦的研究,發現大腦的一些部位,特別是左大腦的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">temporal
lobe</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,在某些生理狀況之下,是可以引發「神靈接近」的經驗,而且大腦的這種能力,和不少大腦的其他能力一樣,會越使用越加強。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">所以即使沒有吸入地下冒出的氣體,靈媒還是可能達到神靈附體的現象。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyd0Uk9rOZKJsj2Y1D9qC1UZDOyDD5FPkoUGs-ib9Lx2G1Fmvin7hifMKg261fkLuLkVE883cG-STr6F_njrt43hqFpxx7PcO53JA5JU2mkAfeqajTsOdX4GI9L_ZJIAFP9iQte4mMe-S/s1600/temporal+lobe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglyd0Uk9rOZKJsj2Y1D9qC1UZDOyDD5FPkoUGs-ib9Lx2G1Fmvin7hifMKg261fkLuLkVE883cG-STr6F_njrt43hqFpxx7PcO53JA5JU2mkAfeqajTsOdX4GI9L_ZJIAFP9iQte4mMe-S/s640/temporal+lobe.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbn4RSh1V5tpWx1R0-ckjaMQRovr5Q6qeEVY3dyM8jkuCGs8-1fGhvYLasC_DTxcr14WU1TkEcRv0kZr_6MhOVr8VReVlVVNpOGeVrhtsvPLrzcrqZ_YMXwDEie3KY_hemY1StIZR_E2y/s1600/IMG_0440+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbn4RSh1V5tpWx1R0-ckjaMQRovr5Q6qeEVY3dyM8jkuCGs8-1fGhvYLasC_DTxcr14WU1TkEcRv0kZr_6MhOVr8VReVlVVNpOGeVrhtsvPLrzcrqZ_YMXwDEie3KY_hemY1StIZR_E2y/s640/IMG_0440+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEG1wUFSFUCgqXwoRGtY2nT5xxEDwh1Y6Ew7S4jMHwAgJLR-X46thUfMFtNwKD93YD8Z5wNE2fRu8F_8qXkuDF_8LtFrhjG5PSG5rElZdOuJiObePH1s8H9jb2xXF1VNIRxwFypNKQIZBt/s1600/IMG_0446+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEG1wUFSFUCgqXwoRGtY2nT5xxEDwh1Y6Ew7S4jMHwAgJLR-X46thUfMFtNwKD93YD8Z5wNE2fRu8F_8qXkuDF_8LtFrhjG5PSG5rElZdOuJiObePH1s8H9jb2xXF1VNIRxwFypNKQIZBt/s640/IMG_0446+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYQZXLw9Pw1wj1f5j_tT9oDfghDj7QO21Tk5oxjZAzNo7QvsTUngoIMgs3aLRfEz798idBmZ3_EmKDuDWWr8UBaEVyTaalspZN4rgSnOabaE6bLXLjabzU5JgdEvqQUZOJF6TwaZF4gC6/s1600/IMG_0450+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYQZXLw9Pw1wj1f5j_tT9oDfghDj7QO21Tk5oxjZAzNo7QvsTUngoIMgs3aLRfEz798idBmZ3_EmKDuDWWr8UBaEVyTaalspZN4rgSnOabaE6bLXLjabzU5JgdEvqQUZOJF6TwaZF4gC6/s640/IMG_0450+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSDTUMlckAS1gFh5uHZvXL2rEvMhq2cRXAq3ZhX-uuCWYWDKhnKBf8c1b0sN6lhKFM6kTzwIwVzZmGDqMvH2wurmZYVERZUW7jA9VIRY1ldjf0B0X4pf5TH2p9_ybWYoSJYHtRz5zAScn/s1600/IMG_0463+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSDTUMlckAS1gFh5uHZvXL2rEvMhq2cRXAq3ZhX-uuCWYWDKhnKBf8c1b0sN6lhKFM6kTzwIwVzZmGDqMvH2wurmZYVERZUW7jA9VIRY1ldjf0B0X4pf5TH2p9_ybWYoSJYHtRz5zAScn/s640/IMG_0463+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">大家都很熟悉在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">舉行的全希臘運動會,其實古典希臘世界裡有四個這樣的全希臘運動會,其中以在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">舉行的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Olympic Game</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">最負盛名,其次就數在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">舉行的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Pythian Game</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">了。所以</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">一樣,除了神殿區之外,還有田徑場(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Stadium</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)及其他練習區。不過在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">舉行的競賽,除了體育項目之外(和在</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">舉行的錯開兩年),還有藝文和舞蹈方面的項目,而且可能歷史比體育項目更久遠。而後面這些競賽項目所使用的劇場(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Amphitheater</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),至今還有不少部份倖存。這是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的遺跡之間,一個比較明顯不同的地方。在近代,國際上也有一些努力,想復興古希臘</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythian
Game</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(亦稱</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphic Game</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)式的藝文競賽,不過知名度還不高。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtPzZJL8rybqce8KokZw7l7IVnqIn9ojOogFhX3OKMTJ5S1xL7WV_mD00ZIYRGSm2tUEohDZJc9J8ksAB6EwrFex_HWfh7ZtCeObdcUwrV4_hlGWYS75g6FsNSfNJClWNMlgq9PCSistnT/s1600/IMG_0477+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtPzZJL8rybqce8KokZw7l7IVnqIn9ojOogFhX3OKMTJ5S1xL7WV_mD00ZIYRGSm2tUEohDZJc9J8ksAB6EwrFex_HWfh7ZtCeObdcUwrV4_hlGWYS75g6FsNSfNJClWNMlgq9PCSistnT/s640/IMG_0477+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguG0RIzPqSNwVQ1MHpcCzG3IsCy19qSUWwEgY17g_GzPsou8AcB4WexhzuwefhKeHi7m6uWKSDxGZHSb6jV6nZp2rlGmPYfgbjloUJW6w5uc6gdpbP-G6JvCWDfjNkox-HrQdzhpxLmuqc/s1600/IMG_0487+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguG0RIzPqSNwVQ1MHpcCzG3IsCy19qSUWwEgY17g_GzPsou8AcB4WexhzuwefhKeHi7m6uWKSDxGZHSb6jV6nZp2rlGmPYfgbjloUJW6w5uc6gdpbP-G6JvCWDfjNkox-HrQdzhpxLmuqc/s640/IMG_0487+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympic Game </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythian Game </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的獲勝者,都會獲頒一頂枝葉編成的頭冠。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympic
Game</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的頭冠是用橄欖樹的枝葉編成的,而</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pythian Game </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的頭冠則是用月桂的枝葉編成的。「桂冠詩人」一詞,便是由此而來。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">傍山而築,形勢陡峭,所以要遊完全區,相當費力。不過居高眺望下方的山巒谷地,頗為值得。其最低點在入口處的博物館,而最高處則在田徑場。阿波羅神殿和劇場,都在大約三分之二的高度。要在山坡上開闢出長約兩百公尺、寬約三十公尺、外加觀眾區的田徑場,並非易事。所幸也可能因為位處較偏遠的高坡,所以遭受到的破壞比</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的田徑場要來得少。</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hhJ84h0Ja-C_qAKbQLK0cz-CZZvGJaXj8I4uA2vr3N_Jq-DeZZP0qzuVQldoutcJ6QOHkHg-M1fDYsuJhlC_383XvwDbcl7_15g2Q4uSCiSuWFhhgnBC-90KqLa7_B_d7klgVvSqCHso/s1600/Delphi-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hhJ84h0Ja-C_qAKbQLK0cz-CZZvGJaXj8I4uA2vr3N_Jq-DeZZP0qzuVQldoutcJ6QOHkHg-M1fDYsuJhlC_383XvwDbcl7_15g2Q4uSCiSuWFhhgnBC-90KqLa7_B_d7klgVvSqCHso/s640/Delphi-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5vreIeCLR6qbIhfjHOX9rUjZTJA5JJYpiDlPaweHJxTd6hU3R0YwqxqW54E_8eAR25OAeFVORVLtMQf7N7qVIXsSlSAYBLzhEpO57AqP4KIqHeX-K3C6GDMa0dZWPVOTUDJoJLo1nRVw/s1600/IMG_0464+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5vreIeCLR6qbIhfjHOX9rUjZTJA5JJYpiDlPaweHJxTd6hU3R0YwqxqW54E_8eAR25OAeFVORVLtMQf7N7qVIXsSlSAYBLzhEpO57AqP4KIqHeX-K3C6GDMa0dZWPVOTUDJoJLo1nRVw/s640/IMG_0464+trim+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD0CYtZgVBTdb4ymay0ilUiSPaaSoISv-eYa9dlZFd8UiSkcJ0ACz4XjowHuQEvW-KJwSNMnERT9CaLAwxvuATet5TafukpVvq1r-UjybyJj2sHvMLNnV8Z_iBahXi73VktNOPJ9jqr1H6/s1600/IMG_0479+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD0CYtZgVBTdb4ymay0ilUiSPaaSoISv-eYa9dlZFd8UiSkcJ0ACz4XjowHuQEvW-KJwSNMnERT9CaLAwxvuATet5TafukpVvq1r-UjybyJj2sHvMLNnV8Z_iBahXi73VktNOPJ9jqr1H6/s640/IMG_0479+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTdvHsYLljrQehOv7pV7cyTOmpePFFwdFB4lqpPh-r08CYuIieA7MauNwcPOaqSKgDMJrHyREr2i7lFHTz5YS0rMmLH7tOcKcSrULJDSxvhWl4LSP9n_g-zO-7QcF1UkXN7yvliZKtelm0/s1600/IMG_0600+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTdvHsYLljrQehOv7pV7cyTOmpePFFwdFB4lqpPh-r08CYuIieA7MauNwcPOaqSKgDMJrHyREr2i7lFHTz5YS0rMmLH7tOcKcSrULJDSxvhWl4LSP9n_g-zO-7QcF1UkXN7yvliZKtelm0/s640/IMG_0600+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">殘存部分比較多的建築結構,除了前述的阿波羅神殿、田徑場(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Stadium</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)、和劇場(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Amphitheater</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)之外,還有雅典人用來除存放祭神用品的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Athenian Treasury</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。另外,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Delphi</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">也有一區是女神雅典娜(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Athena</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)的聖地,那裡殘存了一座環形的拱廊「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Tholos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。我會在下一集當中,和諸位繼續分享後面這兩者。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-62234195566781425902013-12-13T16:05:00.000-08:002016-09-02T11:57:01.983-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十一) 全人類的和平互動與榮耀 — 奧林匹亞 Olympia (下)<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Aug 31, 2016 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdL7YiCbSemTkr097uUF_ae1dMeCIDquUqCsFb8S9kfYw5BFUQUG48t2054MLnQ8LwjYXg8B060zBJLRYkM4MDuwDYYp71LwWeQ55qJ1EQenVJgUdOgiSOERPOH4whCp0hN4HHmyXsghKT/s1600/IMG_9702+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdL7YiCbSemTkr097uUF_ae1dMeCIDquUqCsFb8S9kfYw5BFUQUG48t2054MLnQ8LwjYXg8B060zBJLRYkM4MDuwDYYp71LwWeQ55qJ1EQenVJgUdOgiSOERPOH4whCp0hN4HHmyXsghKT/s640/IMG_9702+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在上一集裡,我提到說:近代的考古人員從</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olympia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">地區,搶救出不少殘存的藝術品,大部分都保存在現地的考古博物館裡面。由於希臘的美術風格,在這段期間快速演進,所以我還是把那些藝術品,依年代來分類介紹。而分類的方法,和我在前面介紹雅典國家考古博物館的雕刻收藏品,是一樣的。(請參閱〝愛琴海之旅(七)雅典國家考古博物館</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(下)–</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">追逐完美的希臘雕塑〞,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/1.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/1.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。)</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 56.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(一)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Archaic
Period (600-480 BC)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">屬於這個時期的收藏品,大多屬於酬神的祭獻品。例如兩件和擊敗波斯入侵大軍有關的頭盔。其中的第一件,是擄自波斯軍隊的戰利品。而第二件,則是慶祝馬拉松之役的勝利。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1qpgsR87N4Fw08937UFVdSmqgjzBwA1H6Z_ueWFT6JsRe3mbiJ8zP0GYOA6CUudCd1VxtBFx4KwKLRhfNJMoPBnSZT8WR2sdiOFKRQjb-T4r8d36A78FSqqdOAFaTUrgTCzCVSkEvBEzc/s1600/IMG_9735+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1qpgsR87N4Fw08937UFVdSmqgjzBwA1H6Z_ueWFT6JsRe3mbiJ8zP0GYOA6CUudCd1VxtBFx4KwKLRhfNJMoPBnSZT8WR2sdiOFKRQjb-T4r8d36A78FSqqdOAFaTUrgTCzCVSkEvBEzc/s640/IMG_9735+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOW9fJGUZmIqP8oPdM6sJUpCq8Yol6nud0h5hLdrx6HCOnO_eMmCvi9RpYupa_Alb7OoPaEdHSqV3K9zqWndrVsIYEmyHZEpDKXjOfxRkbg0HFeFveZEw3efaX6xNckMnFO6Tu-6yb_p1e/s1600/IMG_9736+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOW9fJGUZmIqP8oPdM6sJUpCq8Yol6nud0h5hLdrx6HCOnO_eMmCvi9RpYupa_Alb7OoPaEdHSqV3K9zqWndrVsIYEmyHZEpDKXjOfxRkbg0HFeFveZEw3efaX6xNckMnFO6Tu-6yb_p1e/s400/IMG_9736+trim+level.jpg" width="286" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 56.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(二)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Early
Classical Period (480-450 BC)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這個時期適值宙斯神殿的興建時期,所以對</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Olympia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">地區的美術創造是一個很重要的時期。可惜大部份的作品,在羅馬官方主導的破獲、和隨後幾次的洗劫之下,已經殘破不堪了。近代考古人員所能搶救出來的,只有宙斯神殿東、西兩端的三角形門廊(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pediment</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)裡的雕刻群殘餘,和<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">四</span>邊門廊上的部份單件雕刻(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Metop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。我在下圖用了雅典市裡的</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Temple of Hephaestus</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,來說明</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pediment</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">和</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Metop</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的位置</span>。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1m02Zdzpvj1SU8bMqpvlLXjvtnqgsILMgeYTev4e8QYkxPZ0S6uDH56Ovr64jqSeNk3MUCNSyObbOuBky1oWcqhRnxo5MW6f2Ep7o7GzV_-L1ei8aNUwhEv9suqCr1Hrjy7wO25VkskyY/s1600/pediment+and+metop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1m02Zdzpvj1SU8bMqpvlLXjvtnqgsILMgeYTev4e8QYkxPZ0S6uDH56Ovr64jqSeNk3MUCNSyObbOuBky1oWcqhRnxo5MW6f2Ep7o7GzV_-L1ei8aNUwhEv9suqCr1Hrjy7wO25VkskyY/s640/pediment+and+metop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">希臘古典時期的神殿,其長邊是東、西走向,而且大門朝東。所以東端是最重要的一端。宙斯神殿東端三角形門廊(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">East
Pediment</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)裡的雕刻群,是刻劃希臘神話傳說裡</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Pisa </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">城邦的國王</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,和另外一個城邦的王子</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Pelop </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,進行馬車賽生死鬥的場景。這個場景和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Olympia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">息息相關,因為馬車賽是當時奧運會的一個高能見度比賽項目。此外<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這個故事的後續發展,伸入希臘神話傳說裡的核心部分,包括希臘詩人「荷馬」的名著「伊里亞德」(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Iliad</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)裡的重要情節。而希臘最偉大的劇作家</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> Aeschylus </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,則專為這個故事的續集</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,寫成了一套流傳千古的三連劇</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oresteia
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,至今仍然對西方的文學、戲劇與哲學,有<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">著</span>不少的影響。我會在本集的後段,再和大家進一步分享。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiakbh26Km5s7Z6Z7CONd0vFYlnU5HqGkpFRNLO1EsVxEi2i4p_UabDbDxbofTw8hog1gjaxFekh3sbrnhxoCIz8TcBNz5-teoC_cEYuv4f25nUjYl1LmzPZKgBnGNdpRJsKGdG0nQ3e0cg/s1600/IMG_9716+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiakbh26Km5s7Z6Z7CONd0vFYlnU5HqGkpFRNLO1EsVxEi2i4p_UabDbDxbofTw8hog1gjaxFekh3sbrnhxoCIz8TcBNz5-teoC_cEYuv4f25nUjYl1LmzPZKgBnGNdpRJsKGdG0nQ3e0cg/s640/IMG_9716+level.jpg" width="424" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivcWopnl-4b7enN0Ko_FJ6yvzYDEPivOYrwCEuYYDL4BJ4zjHiFAM4MdUDXFxov6qTGuuFJErv90lVrY0cNbDSubbv7i6Du5JIUxr_JfOofyCXCfieMrLLC2MjCdMPF1ggBlj-HYfMgbO2/s1600/IMG_9728+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivcWopnl-4b7enN0Ko_FJ6yvzYDEPivOYrwCEuYYDL4BJ4zjHiFAM4MdUDXFxov6qTGuuFJErv90lVrY0cNbDSubbv7i6Du5JIUxr_JfOofyCXCfieMrLLC2MjCdMPF1ggBlj-HYfMgbO2/s640/IMG_9728+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">宙斯神殿西端三角形門廊(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">West
Pediment</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)裡的雕刻群,是刻劃希臘神話傳說裡,一個人族</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Lapith </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">與半人馬族</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Centaur </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">大戰的場景。<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapith</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Centaur</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">原來是友邦,有一回</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapith</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的國王娶妻宴客,也邀請了</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Centaur</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">作客。不料</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Centaur</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">喝了酒亂性,開始搶奪</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapith</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的婦女,於是雙方展開大戰。這場大戰雖然<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">與</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Olympia </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">沒有直接關連,可是它是希臘人很喜歡的場景,常常被用來象徵文明(人族)與野蠻(半人馬族)之間的爭鬥</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdriv4X47AO2Qtwo5TGBaHjL7UoSCzaVVA-L9kkrxOaxWvwlj_G_alyeV3MFTxqwbjLmGugVEsIzmuIcSVXb_ikHTt6aO9Vs1aCv9cVGVgqXt4DEUAHbYQZj-BHQGi6Q0c7Ch_8ov18UWE/s1600/IMG_9721+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdriv4X47AO2Qtwo5TGBaHjL7UoSCzaVVA-L9kkrxOaxWvwlj_G_alyeV3MFTxqwbjLmGugVEsIzmuIcSVXb_ikHTt6aO9Vs1aCv9cVGVgqXt4DEUAHbYQZj-BHQGi6Q0c7Ch_8ov18UWE/s640/IMG_9721+trim+level.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_-bsgexPe2Wq_VhUa1aMbbjfJ_rqdet79VoC0x7qYfRhO7pYlSyJwfME6NCvu9P8vwvugc6JXTJp0nxck-B6g1TOFSE-v2y1Qq2-QROLGlWFLYgx6jq696HD-OtIoU_c7wh9v0tkUU7wi/s1600/IMG_9722+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_-bsgexPe2Wq_VhUa1aMbbjfJ_rqdet79VoC0x7qYfRhO7pYlSyJwfME6NCvu9P8vwvugc6JXTJp0nxck-B6g1TOFSE-v2y1Qq2-QROLGlWFLYgx6jq696HD-OtIoU_c7wh9v0tkUU7wi/s640/IMG_9722+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_oXXbHyypfrzIdm2jofS8Yo5_9u-yejsn083udcZb-KyBxSikmzbjF_yTzJLFKsXopZAudsZMrcWpyKvgQxoA0p5kiGC3Kcor7BYChvC4PDTj72yp_qEZo0R1-21tI6Wmo4PrbHuLAops/s1600/IMG_9725+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_oXXbHyypfrzIdm2jofS8Yo5_9u-yejsn083udcZb-KyBxSikmzbjF_yTzJLFKsXopZAudsZMrcWpyKvgQxoA0p5kiGC3Kcor7BYChvC4PDTj72yp_qEZo0R1-21tI6Wmo4PrbHuLAops/s640/IMG_9725+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUc-MxqKj_7XT-XDxZIeLpQKc6Usha_vml9M2_nz5Q2sothK3At3oQnbru9dU1TS2rnrY38KJ02ZnAwNW8IDECRLzb3QpOvEf8jX1cnq7In_ztG32j7a863FRhx8I9x69Jo_62oVvbHSRA/s1600/IMG_9726+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUc-MxqKj_7XT-XDxZIeLpQKc6Usha_vml9M2_nz5Q2sothK3At3oQnbru9dU1TS2rnrY38KJ02ZnAwNW8IDECRLzb3QpOvEf8jX1cnq7In_ztG32j7a863FRhx8I9x69Jo_62oVvbHSRA/s640/IMG_9726+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAO8g00MSa0l4u28XXd8-wcVPlayS_MXydF3VXM6A9Bm1ICZt9T3QrBNXimlzeBMZNJ8cxGUM6bdRK0bJtvQuyuXDT_Smx1GbufaMdUrdm4u0MlKXQvxX43TKmE65cH9hVjuRinclBE3O6/s1600/IMG_9727+level+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAO8g00MSa0l4u28XXd8-wcVPlayS_MXydF3VXM6A9Bm1ICZt9T3QrBNXimlzeBMZNJ8cxGUM6bdRK0bJtvQuyuXDT_Smx1GbufaMdUrdm4u0MlKXQvxX43TKmE65cH9hVjuRinclBE3O6/s640/IMG_9727+level+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">宙斯神殿<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU",serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">四</span>邊門廊上的單件雕刻裡面,殘留得比較完整的,是一幅描繪希臘英雄</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hercules</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,幫天神</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Atlas </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">暫時頂著天空的浮雕,後面則有天神雅典娜在暗助一臂之力。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvirySWDXjXRZXcjRZa18R59htr_VMwlJGjAdiGjZSNi2urm3kW8xRg4-eeuq6ag4cZ3JdnjnGmlzDWYhr8280hbAEfAzg9QUTBVZucVysnRczPj3_IK21k9qRC7suSxcadMKdDFmn4JDM/s1600/IMG_9715+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvirySWDXjXRZXcjRZa18R59htr_VMwlJGjAdiGjZSNi2urm3kW8xRg4-eeuq6ag4cZ3JdnjnGmlzDWYhr8280hbAEfAzg9QUTBVZucVysnRczPj3_IK21k9qRC7suSxcadMKdDFmn4JDM/s640/IMG_9715+trim+level.jpg" width="560" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXTVzzFHTWEfTYblTNC6Alx33i7QrNXPBSiPlZ4ZWZdrN1MV8hZCL_RZ9s6Aojm3YzQ_8JvcPVCAXQBLw_RDSSlflQyBhCxhNredN5UMWjmjfQopfZg-3WU85DVVQwHtJbAmasfsks1XJ/s1600/IMG_9737+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXTVzzFHTWEfTYblTNC6Alx33i7QrNXPBSiPlZ4ZWZdrN1MV8hZCL_RZ9s6Aojm3YzQ_8JvcPVCAXQBLw_RDSSlflQyBhCxhNredN5UMWjmjfQopfZg-3WU85DVVQwHtJbAmasfsks1XJ/s640/IMG_9737+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這個時期的雕刻風格,偏向穩重、冷靜、和內斂。只有象徵野蠻的半人馬族,才會有誇張的表情。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 56.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(三)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">High
Classical Period (450-400 BC)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這個時期的收藏品裡面有一件傑作,是勝利女神(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Nike</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)的雕像。她的頭部和雙翼,已經大部分失落了,但是殘存的部分,還是可以看出高度的藝術價值。其中最精彩的是女神的衣衫,高度輕薄貼身,是〝濕衣法〞(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wet-drapery
style</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)的傑出顯現。另外女神重心前移的表現方式,也是希臘雕刻藝術邁入成熟的一個明顯足跡。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWE8EsJGgqhKUeP3s4_c9Wmr8sTJD-uRm-tZk3m14SRgI7BRuWg5bpKXfuWp4iDGLURjjVPMZ974RxMCCXoBnMgVsjpt_AZR4LKlWoxTELMLS00KFTRQBdgpf0W63Do3lJGyyeecpjVCg6/s1600/IMG_9729+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWE8EsJGgqhKUeP3s4_c9Wmr8sTJD-uRm-tZk3m14SRgI7BRuWg5bpKXfuWp4iDGLURjjVPMZ974RxMCCXoBnMgVsjpt_AZR4LKlWoxTELMLS00KFTRQBdgpf0W63Do3lJGyyeecpjVCg6/s640/IMG_9729+r+trim+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrbk1aLQyh4my1TMA3NPZNTiUg13MSF6r-vtT5De64UAXM38HRXhKtaxO9XC8FAOgTmLVLfSb39PDwdTTAOIJ_DmbPPsHu3-Q4yY7zUEZI-ccC22kWw7ybWFz5DX_QA-i-_tA0GmdM8nM9/s1600/IMG_9734+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrbk1aLQyh4my1TMA3NPZNTiUg13MSF6r-vtT5De64UAXM38HRXhKtaxO9XC8FAOgTmLVLfSb39PDwdTTAOIJ_DmbPPsHu3-Q4yY7zUEZI-ccC22kWw7ybWFz5DX_QA-i-_tA0GmdM8nM9/s640/IMG_9734+r+trim+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_qBPt6kfc3xuiqomMKi7PF-kXuFwffCZIETGrI5HCbU4z2BUlYzk6Pz-tuznEdyNA7G1Avv0TziYUftnA2ooTq6Ge6q_kR4ifkD5SV4bB-F7bBvg232darZoi_Vd_SDEBscMuUS-NcBmn/s1600/IMG_9744+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_qBPt6kfc3xuiqomMKi7PF-kXuFwffCZIETGrI5HCbU4z2BUlYzk6Pz-tuznEdyNA7G1Avv0TziYUftnA2ooTq6Ge6q_kR4ifkD5SV4bB-F7bBvg232darZoi_Vd_SDEBscMuUS-NcBmn/s640/IMG_9744+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrmkOcr3PeeqWt4l_svwxdrCFgICGiUN_qxomu0BrZraBUYtl7nYGaKw9E0xUt8cBuTsfPcfygShp2gPlMdrn069x1Nw6uGF1u7DjVXYF-wK7optb7akQ_vYE7UNxF-DNUUyUGG1uk_Rx/s1600/IMG_9746+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrmkOcr3PeeqWt4l_svwxdrCFgICGiUN_qxomu0BrZraBUYtl7nYGaKw9E0xUt8cBuTsfPcfygShp2gPlMdrn069x1Nw6uGF1u7DjVXYF-wK7optb7akQ_vYE7UNxF-DNUUyUGG1uk_Rx/s400/IMG_9746+trim+level.jpg" width="297" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf196e2kr7A0Lxv5oNrOAGuvr1s85rlU18uRz3PepliSASOZhgJSUxWbxFFwp2fc-4ZUWFOfSeUP97tzmchgi7DFc2kO8lkezdmSVaLmKaFYOv1Y4tuHhkY0A7R07dhS4fisN9OYw49mtP/s1600/IMG_9764+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf196e2kr7A0Lxv5oNrOAGuvr1s85rlU18uRz3PepliSASOZhgJSUxWbxFFwp2fc-4ZUWFOfSeUP97tzmchgi7DFc2kO8lkezdmSVaLmKaFYOv1Y4tuHhkY0A7R07dhS4fisN9OYw49mtP/s640/IMG_9764+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 56.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(四)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Late
Classical Period (400-323 BC)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這個時期的收藏品裡面有一件更知名的傑作,是「信使之神」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hermes</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">逗年幼的「酒神</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dionysus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的雕像。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dionysus </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是宙斯神婚外情的結晶,所以宙斯好妒的妻子</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Hera </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,處心積慮地想害他。因此宙斯就委託</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hermes</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,把</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dionysus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">送到他處。這座雕像裡</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hermes
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">失落了的右手,原本是吊著一串葡萄來逗</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Dionysus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hermes</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的重心側移,及驅體小幅度扭轉去和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dionysus </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">呼應,都是這個時期希臘雕刻藝術繼續成長的特色。而這一組雕像,也成了希臘美術的傳世珍寶之一。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWsLpAv6qGu-NKCHx_W8r6qtGFLTMDBiEzmpWpidVc6hLfN8o4seSBg-LkJ_kHYeLvn_LD-V_AXVAkI04Vn2Azl8M4LtsfcTIpeclY-03N0gHbIDXQscR7UBOJHGV5XG1-PFQXkQ6Po8j/s1600/IMG_9757+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWsLpAv6qGu-NKCHx_W8r6qtGFLTMDBiEzmpWpidVc6hLfN8o4seSBg-LkJ_kHYeLvn_LD-V_AXVAkI04Vn2Azl8M4LtsfcTIpeclY-03N0gHbIDXQscR7UBOJHGV5XG1-PFQXkQ6Po8j/s640/IMG_9757+level.jpg" width="424" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjac9HUvNAqNWw6U3f5mG2pX6PYtGogt9HZRSAtUNWyF0G4gNUWEBx8prnIYkqcfFBg_mZnE4qjmb7GSxdmsKSxBIOjyg9lW0V1NKncOyDk7gJbF0_AlMhwjfHBMu733b9q_5x5LT12njOI/s1600/IMG_9761+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjac9HUvNAqNWw6U3f5mG2pX6PYtGogt9HZRSAtUNWyF0G4gNUWEBx8prnIYkqcfFBg_mZnE4qjmb7GSxdmsKSxBIOjyg9lW0V1NKncOyDk7gJbF0_AlMhwjfHBMu733b9q_5x5LT12njOI/s640/IMG_9761+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 56.25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(五)</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> After
323 BC</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">323 BC</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是羅馬佔領希臘地區的大致年代。這之後,希臘地區的美術風格,也開始偏離希臘文化的唯美觀,而走上羅馬文化實際觀的路途。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kyRcmnPBVumuh1NcVxyLMfwkPyrv6Rs1penNcnIyQTVVDmKX8ryrb46wb-3RXXukQG2RN-54Y08x1ALFO_ftQm_dppOabP9QHgKKng33lpHICrAzFa0lZ_TJy_cYzh2L0SBQkuQ9HSd3/s1600/IMG_9770+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kyRcmnPBVumuh1NcVxyLMfwkPyrv6Rs1penNcnIyQTVVDmKX8ryrb46wb-3RXXukQG2RN-54Y08x1ALFO_ftQm_dppOabP9QHgKKng33lpHICrAzFa0lZ_TJy_cYzh2L0SBQkuQ9HSd3/s640/IMG_9770+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxhlpZoeiNnTzWCh624jCRkXMGYlvT1eF1GdIGJIIOLk1AWY2o9VzHAAC1RzOy2kKZZCFASw5zyFgH8trxrWMerjMHEqWUQch_yZEthlV_i9AmnJwfj3yzZV72w55XELW6CgnzpSm6IS03/s1600/IMG_9772+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxhlpZoeiNnTzWCh624jCRkXMGYlvT1eF1GdIGJIIOLk1AWY2o9VzHAAC1RzOy2kKZZCFASw5zyFgH8trxrWMerjMHEqWUQch_yZEthlV_i9AmnJwfj3yzZV72w55XELW6CgnzpSm6IS03/s640/IMG_9772+level.jpg" width="430" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHgL9Y1Vp9tPBqGGc4Y01OzDssuslmGqw_Hk3A0pYXGAab48tfvQZlSqa7pa92jSzRQJIs6PLzda4LPZEELZQD3tEK0s_xneI-VV3PKo_qQHBkvm15vONYQ5q3aHg2JbFxJVH3CWoUYdT5/s1600/IMG_9781+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHgL9Y1Vp9tPBqGGc4Y01OzDssuslmGqw_Hk3A0pYXGAab48tfvQZlSqa7pa92jSzRQJIs6PLzda4LPZEELZQD3tEK0s_xneI-VV3PKo_qQHBkvm15vONYQ5q3aHg2JbFxJVH3CWoUYdT5/s640/IMG_9781+level.jpg" width="430" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvjtbfq9DuB15vTxcUFkGztO9rX1dR1JZR6dDv4bBNJfPM8vcWS0eFCaX0kuzyEJU1AU-aHbo_kJJRTUg3VIkn5uG66Y-KLljgLMmBmsHn2UlVLYDqAgCD8Pg_3f9GIgVFmIfEro_95Pq/s1600/IMG_9786+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPvjtbfq9DuB15vTxcUFkGztO9rX1dR1JZR6dDv4bBNJfPM8vcWS0eFCaX0kuzyEJU1AU-aHbo_kJJRTUg3VIkn5uG66Y-KLljgLMmBmsHn2UlVLYDqAgCD8Pg_3f9GIgVFmIfEro_95Pq/s640/IMG_9786+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我在前面提到過希臘神話傳說裡、</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">與</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之間馬車競賽的故事。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">是希臘南部</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pisa
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">城邦的國王,他有一個女兒</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Hippodamia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">待字閨中。可是有預言說:「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">會被他的女婿殺死。」所以每次有人來追求</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hippodamia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">就會要求對方和自己進行馬車競賽。如果對方輸了,就會被他處死。累積下來,已經有十多位追求者被處死了。有一次,一位希臘北部城邦的王子</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,也來追求</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hippodamia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。在馬車競賽之前,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">買通</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">管馬車的部下</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Myrtilus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,把</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">馬車輪子的插銷偷換成蜂蠟,代價是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hippodamia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的初夜權、及</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pisa</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">城邦的一部分。結果在馬車競賽的高潮,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">馬車的輪子飛散,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">也摔死了。之後,當</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Myrtilus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">向</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">要求履約的時候,反而被</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">殺死。死前,他詛咒</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">世世代代會骨肉相殘。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">後來</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的子輩和孫輩,的確都發生骨肉相殘的事件。<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">當我第一次讀到這個故事時,不禁納悶說</span>:希臘人為什麼對</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在馬車競賽作弊、謀利害命的行為不置一詞,倒是對他背信殺害</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Myrtilus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的行為,作這麼重的懲罰呢?在古奧運裡,作弊的選手是會受到嚴厲懲罰的。我唯一能夠想到的解釋是:</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">殺死</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oenomaos</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這件事,是被預言過的,所以是宿命的,而古希臘人,是相當相信宿命的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,所以只好把懲罰投射到</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelop</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的另一件罪行上。 希臘神話傳說裡有關「宿命」最出名的例子</span>,是「戀母情結」這個心理學詞彙的主角「伊底帕斯王」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oed<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">i</span>pus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),在不知情的情況下,弒父娶母的故事。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pelop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的孫輩裡面出了兩位國王:比較年長的一位叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Agamemnon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,入主希臘當時最強大的城邦</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mycenae
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。另外一位叫做</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Menelaus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,入主斯巴達城邦,娶了絕世美女海倫為妻。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">後來海倫被土耳其半島上特洛伊(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Troy</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)城邦的王子</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Paris </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">誘拐,因此</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Agamemnon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">號召希臘各城邦,聯合出兵攻打特洛伊,也就是荷馬的史詩裡面,大家所熟知的「木馬屠城記」。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在希臘聯軍的船隊要啟程時,因為</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Agamemnon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">先前得罪了女神</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Artemis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(相當於羅馬神話裡面的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Diana</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),所以</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Artemis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">停住海風,讓希臘聯軍的船隊無法出航。為了讓船隊可以成行,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Agamemnon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">將自己的女兒祭獻給</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Artemis</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,因而達到征伐特洛伊的目標。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">多年之後,希臘聯軍終於獲勝。當</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Agamemnon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">回到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mycenae</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">城邦時,他的妻子深恨女兒被殺,因此謀殺了</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Agamemnon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。這讓</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Agamemnon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的兒子</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Orestes</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">陷入一個矛盾的狀況:一方面「報復傳統」的包袱,讓他必須為父親復仇;另一方面人倫的考量,又讓他不能弒母。這個矛盾使他飽受折磨,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">只好先後向天神</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Apollo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">及雅典娜(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Athena</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)求助。古希臘名劇作家</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Aeschylus</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在他寫作的</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Oresteia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">劇本裡,對</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Orestes</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這樣的心靈折磨,有很精彩的描繪。故事最後,是由雅典娜找了幾位雅典城裡的長老</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,加上她自己,組成陪審團來審判</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Orestes</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。審判終了時,陪審團投票的結果是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 6:6</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,無法判</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Orestes</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">有罪,也結束了這一件遺害四代的詛咒。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這個故事,不僅是一個神話傳說,也充分反應出古雅典的公民對道德、倫理,和傳統的探討,以及對罪罰的定奪,是相當積極地參與。它對後世西方的文學與哲學,也產生了不少的影響。在莎士比亞的著名悲劇「哈姆雷特」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hamlet<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,亦被譯成「王子復仇記」</span></span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)裡面,可以看到</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Oresteia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這部古希臘戲劇的影子。是直接或間接地受其影響呢?還是只是偉大文學家之間巧合的共鳴呢?就不太容易區分了。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02u1yZS8w6Dl64xxTBkCxC1Aid9Lk9BldOIlDV_4e2vAFlM0IfzOMAOY4PK7f0JrfFxSAkFk2cLTtoua_GhhyphenhyphenOKP0z7GlqwjjgjXURpifelq0zLEwltZ0hw_Zp6XpPJbgNiQW2C20QuRd/s1600/IMG_9817+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh02u1yZS8w6Dl64xxTBkCxC1Aid9Lk9BldOIlDV_4e2vAFlM0IfzOMAOY4PK7f0JrfFxSAkFk2cLTtoua_GhhyphenhyphenOKP0z7GlqwjjgjXURpifelq0zLEwltZ0hw_Zp6XpPJbgNiQW2C20QuRd/s640/IMG_9817+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">看到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Olympia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這麼多藝術精品的殘骸,讓我不勝唏噓:一千六百年後的今天,人類對先人智慧與技藝結晶的肆意破壞,仍然時有所聞,只是主角易人而已。人性中的凶、愚成分,何時方休呢?</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-75240896229183842402013-12-13T16:00:00.000-08:002016-08-31T23:30:57.397-07:00愛琴海之旅 (二十) 全人類的和平互動與榮耀 — 奧林匹亞 Olympia (上)<span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Aug 12, 2016 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpvKVWG7wzjrmdquqHgJI-xfAuzReEzsrmtAxeYYN8qERCKL3zQUKSF87x5HJi94NOxt6DYcq5kGok9yFN2zmDEgWgO-eBBcjEIW0wYQDSfae6P5rFT1HEbXIO95r51UkJBiMR9Y8yzMJ/s1600/IMG_9866+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpvKVWG7wzjrmdquqHgJI-xfAuzReEzsrmtAxeYYN8qERCKL3zQUKSF87x5HJi94NOxt6DYcq5kGok9yFN2zmDEgWgO-eBBcjEIW0wYQDSfae6P5rFT1HEbXIO95r51UkJBiMR9Y8yzMJ/s400/IMG_9866+level.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">May the global violence cease;</span></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 3pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><em>Prevail the Olympian peace!</em></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di-Son Kuo@2016<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我在撰寫「愛琴海之旅」的各集時,是按照當時旅遊各景點的先後順序,並沒有刻意的安排。不意在撰寫奧林匹亞這一集時,剛好是里約奧運會的舉行期間,實在是太巧了!</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">希臘有兩個名字接近「奧林匹克」的重要地方,一個是在希臘神話裡面,最近一代諸神居住的地方,那是在希臘東北角的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mount Olympus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,它也是希臘的最高峰,接近三千公尺。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">另外一個,則是最近一代諸神之王</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Zeus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(宙斯)的聖地</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Olympia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(奧林匹亞)。它是奧運會的發源地,也就是這一集的主題。它位在希臘的西南角,是一處平原。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxmUKEuynXK3DLwdu8gxe0_vDa15dve73AOmeduA-KnOKsFRrm2ZaY2JLVfUQmatNavdiXSvlYbXQ-GQWdMjSP2c58QJi-adkJZNxybqaTQ_MlJu6Isr7RvxYQslxzHCQuY9WpyuJC0QNV/s1600/Olympia+map-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxmUKEuynXK3DLwdu8gxe0_vDa15dve73AOmeduA-KnOKsFRrm2ZaY2JLVfUQmatNavdiXSvlYbXQ-GQWdMjSP2c58QJi-adkJZNxybqaTQ_MlJu6Isr7RvxYQslxzHCQuY9WpyuJC0QNV/s640/Olympia+map-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">奧林匹亞的古代史,反應出社會人類學裡宗教信仰形成的原始過程。奧林匹亞大概在西元前</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">800</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,希臘社會從黑暗時期復甦時(請見我的另外一篇部落格文章:「愛琴海之旅</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">一</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">)</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">愛琴海地區的古代簡史」,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_13.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_13.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),就已經成為宙斯神的聖地(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sanctuary</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。但是要晚到西元前</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">470</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,希臘人才開始在那裡建造宙斯神殿。而宙斯神像的建立,則要更晚至西元前</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 435</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這種從〈神的自然界領域〉到〈神廟〉,再到〈神像〉的發展過程,不是現代人容易經驗到的。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 487.35pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我前面一再地使用「最近一代諸神」的字眼,是因為希臘神話裡面涵蓋了三代的天神,也就是兩次的世代交替,而這兩次都不和平。第一代的天王是</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Uranus</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">他後來被兒子</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Cronos</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」推翻。(後來的羅馬神話稱「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Cronos</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」為「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Saturn</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。不少的歐洲語言,拿他來命名九大行星裡面的「土星」。)而這第二代的天王,後來也被他自己的兒子</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Zeus </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」推翻。(後來的羅馬神話稱「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Zeus </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」為「</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Jupiter</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。不少的歐洲語言,拿他來命名「木星」。)推翻。神話裡面這兩次的世代交替方式,似乎暗示了文明的進化。第一次的方式,是相當原始的閹割。而第二次的方式,則是像「封神榜」小說裡面的諸神分邊大戰。這一段神話相當精彩,可惜也不短,所以我想另外專集和大家分享,會比較合適。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">希臘在奧林匹亞舉行的諸城邦聯合運動會,可以追溯至西元前</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">776</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,每四年舉辦一次,直到羅馬帝國於西元後</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">350</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右逐漸改信基督教,而於西元後</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">393</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,因為與基督教信仰抵觸被羅<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">馬</span>皇帝勒令停止。這個持續了上千年的活動,就從此消失了一千五百年。而現代的奧林匹克運動會,則是在西元</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1896</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年才開始的。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">奧林匹亞是在諸城邦聯合運動會開始之後,才逐漸有大規模的建築。有趣的是:在宙斯神擁有奧林匹亞神殿之前的一百多年(西元前</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">590</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右),他的妻子</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">Hera </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">就已經在奧林匹亞擁有她自己的神殿了。這兩座神殿、是奧林匹亞最重要的建築。其他的重要建築,包括了給選手賽前訓練的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Palaestra</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Gymnasiom</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,給神殿僧侶居住的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Prytaneion</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,給著名雕刻家</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pheidias</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">用來預鑄神像的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Workshop</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,給各城邦存放祭獻物品的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Treasuries</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,當然還有競賽使用的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Stadium</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(田徑場)。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">可惜這些建築,大部分都已經化為斷垣殘壁了。西元後</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">426</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,羅馬皇帝因為宗教因素而下令將奧林匹亞毀壞,是<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">她</span>香消玉殒的開始。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgU5hV_gGLJlvcZNt5qksvFZwcHGfW5B0XVr2RaUJgExrh-24vf0TstbRctNBsJlhDjvK5HwEL_giFbN55NfPHl38xBs2etN-vdyvShlyn0SzpvGflKuOp8d4STwEtArwN6ffkCu8YO9p/s1600/Olympia+map-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgU5hV_gGLJlvcZNt5qksvFZwcHGfW5B0XVr2RaUJgExrh-24vf0TstbRctNBsJlhDjvK5HwEL_giFbN55NfPHl38xBs2etN-vdyvShlyn0SzpvGflKuOp8d4STwEtArwN6ffkCu8YO9p/s640/Olympia+map-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">奧林匹亞的主事國,在西元前</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">435</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,邀請了稍早因為完成了雅典</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Parthenon</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(帕德嫩神殿)裡面的雅典娜雕像(請見我的另外一篇部落格文章:「愛琴海之旅(四)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雅典衛城」,</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_53.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_53.html</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),而聲名大噪的雕塑家</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Pheidias</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">到奧林匹亞,在宙斯神殿裡也建造了一座宙斯的雕像。而這一座巨大卻又精美的雕像,被古代的作家譽為「七大奇觀」(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Seven
Wonders</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)之一。可惜它在而西元後</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">426</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年左右,奧林匹亞地區普遍被毀壞的當兒,也被拆遷他處,最終難逃毀壞的命運。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFBtSIXqYHaOh-HZdM-yI2YS2rJe4B3C5xDecv-Rd04oqDBvzo8IpM6vEOdjRNIoM4B4PyD4QjAdzXMUbvMOWiOqjlF0ENB1HPMizCr2GkLP7fd2AR0yLPbkB4SWU2PnpDzuLmG7HxDS1N/s1600/IMG_9819+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFBtSIXqYHaOh-HZdM-yI2YS2rJe4B3C5xDecv-Rd04oqDBvzo8IpM6vEOdjRNIoM4B4PyD4QjAdzXMUbvMOWiOqjlF0ENB1HPMizCr2GkLP7fd2AR0yLPbkB4SWU2PnpDzuLmG7HxDS1N/s640/IMG_9819+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSlxKhVJJLNBbAJIdTmCHQFOG36tuu5t16caZIzmVmHCiqhkluzs8PF76WRojWn_gBuEYEBYq0cxJHmwFJesxFBeiNkX1ELC381PkLtCU5_LBz0zo-jQQp4Xcp2xABJlZDADBDnS_omLxG/s1600/IMG_9839+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSlxKhVJJLNBbAJIdTmCHQFOG36tuu5t16caZIzmVmHCiqhkluzs8PF76WRojWn_gBuEYEBYq0cxJHmwFJesxFBeiNkX1ELC381PkLtCU5_LBz0zo-jQQp4Xcp2xABJlZDADBDnS_omLxG/s640/IMG_9839+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTGOdmEuItEX7XJxyrNUcZAfXP9BVYlagvmtu6d-LL1HW3IA9zrwF7d59O4xqsY4T3pYDAVStf4qu5uG5LoJXPiAHk-C6eDeaQpdQnnTIdDKQg2IojWj7QnFyXpdZGUhqC8AQxlUK_kILP/s1600/IMG_9851+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTGOdmEuItEX7XJxyrNUcZAfXP9BVYlagvmtu6d-LL1HW3IA9zrwF7d59O4xqsY4T3pYDAVStf4qu5uG5LoJXPiAHk-C6eDeaQpdQnnTIdDKQg2IojWj7QnFyXpdZGUhqC8AQxlUK_kILP/s640/IMG_9851+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">比較遠古一百年的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hera</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">神殿,雖然一樣殘破,卻在現代扮演了一個特殊的角色:每一屆的現代奧運聖火,就是在這一座神殿前方的廣場,聚太陽光點燃,再傳遞到世界各地的。點燃儀式是由一群著白衫的希臘仕女來進行,場面相當動人。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzN2_dAI7bhUHhpb3gBdkxLgPVBZAjIoMDZBn8pzMp16KaLSNXkxZ8Hd7EmhpKraN8UMRsXz18bElYwVRXgfy27zGnwq8HtEUXs-H_bj0QjGMcAMJESzLlZqNzIXYR0IEX3vWhwVqasKN-/s1600/IMG_9855+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzN2_dAI7bhUHhpb3gBdkxLgPVBZAjIoMDZBn8pzMp16KaLSNXkxZ8Hd7EmhpKraN8UMRsXz18bElYwVRXgfy27zGnwq8HtEUXs-H_bj0QjGMcAMJESzLlZqNzIXYR0IEX3vWhwVqasKN-/s640/IMG_9855+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvydMfEN4gjP-ywLWk_y1ur7Jfx_XgyPLJ6-TCwQATYZD0lHVTxrqbVtyDyH_rhpwprgeuoNNgF4nQFXe2qW4_4Ki0h5GF1EtkVzzQyY-75LNUk1so64BmUs36V8N-GhpROFYQ097K8V_/s1600/IMG_9890+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvydMfEN4gjP-ywLWk_y1ur7Jfx_XgyPLJ6-TCwQATYZD0lHVTxrqbVtyDyH_rhpwprgeuoNNgF4nQFXe2qW4_4Ki0h5GF1EtkVzzQyY-75LNUk1so64BmUs36V8N-GhpROFYQ097K8V_/s640/IMG_9890+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hera </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">的神殿,其平面圖是狹長的長方形。而較晚建造的宙斯神殿,則長寬比沒有那麼懸殊,大約是</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
12:5</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。這樣的長寬比,後來成為希臘古典時期神殿建築型式的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">典範</span>。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-nULVYam6W3g3JCMhSe6X8osfe-TA5BnVRA-9i1Zh4KEoLnQ-iEKDf1mY3EaEPCR-49bBCz1N1ngfvsqPovdoaCao1pWWQQyQd4DZRYa4X8QFu2SX_pE34bPjuHYFRy07jZNQWH8c0L02/s1600/IMG_9885+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-nULVYam6W3g3JCMhSe6X8osfe-TA5BnVRA-9i1Zh4KEoLnQ-iEKDf1mY3EaEPCR-49bBCz1N1ngfvsqPovdoaCao1pWWQQyQd4DZRYa4X8QFu2SX_pE34bPjuHYFRy07jZNQWH8c0L02/s640/IMG_9885+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">在神殿區有一座圓形的殿堂,被稱為「</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Philipeion</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」,是亞歷山大大帝的父親</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Philip</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">始建的,後來在亞歷山大大帝的手中完成。至今仍有三根廊柱及其上的橫額倖存,算是奧林匹亞倖存百分比較高的殿堂。它的廊柱,採用了比較稍晚的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Ionia </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">形式,比早期的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Hera</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">神殿</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Doric </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">形式廊柱,要來得輕盈而風度翩翩。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyfLLvi2LSHjlIacv7FocEXoLwqMRl8UjwU4fL5dHxFlBnu9JvupFKUH8dg7zBuNzjCTbRQzK1ihDow99PDlnrBHUISXfljvtjKLk-lnrQdxogIjFP8gL6qJN0uVoqb60E_LZS76xliJis/s1600/IMG_9892+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyfLLvi2LSHjlIacv7FocEXoLwqMRl8UjwU4fL5dHxFlBnu9JvupFKUH8dg7zBuNzjCTbRQzK1ihDow99PDlnrBHUISXfljvtjKLk-lnrQdxogIjFP8gL6qJN0uVoqb60E_LZS76xliJis/s640/IMG_9892+r+trim+level.jpg" width="436" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMRb31mVCxsvhF97BxyVp7MxlbVntUZFCv2cODJeoaXxaUQSfW6ninsfRW2ELZh2ljIQoM7NHmK68RK6z9DpmTCo4nvmNdPvM-3DpnEKm7CbRTOq2VDP0x5qrLsNg3MDQLIME5ghzh2Pp/s1600/IMG_9822+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMRb31mVCxsvhF97BxyVp7MxlbVntUZFCv2cODJeoaXxaUQSfW6ninsfRW2ELZh2ljIQoM7NHmK68RK6z9DpmTCo4nvmNdPvM-3DpnEKm7CbRTOq2VDP0x5qrLsNg3MDQLIME5ghzh2Pp/s640/IMG_9822+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">選手從神殿區到田徑場(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Stadium</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">),必須穿過一道拱廊。而在拱廊的一端,有一座拱門,至今倖存。從那兒,可以看到早期圓拱的建構方法。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdl2FMPSPaGRIId0a80EFGAXidsC1d4BkWJbqZM1VnrVZVq-4hly7IA5o73zPdUXtsSPFjkSGhoeRyuSA7bvYivFkr9zhk_yn5ZfS-hAyBz5h4eP_hjHoEIxYUEyITH5cFPlkw6vyzoVGw/s1600/IMG_9859+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdl2FMPSPaGRIId0a80EFGAXidsC1d4BkWJbqZM1VnrVZVq-4hly7IA5o73zPdUXtsSPFjkSGhoeRyuSA7bvYivFkr9zhk_yn5ZfS-hAyBz5h4eP_hjHoEIxYUEyITH5cFPlkw6vyzoVGw/s640/IMG_9859+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRmCke1zxdXTB40MEyfHxFna1lE2-kG1m8qQuMQD8DmnWg_LhDe4KprFg2VaUxFsQ2V5o23mrXw0yP_cD59AOPWqMkAewVHpCSS5mmnhWjfOtPWMkL0Pu9dfAse1mRTLa6nAECG4t5AMp/s1600/IMG_9865+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRmCke1zxdXTB40MEyfHxFna1lE2-kG1m8qQuMQD8DmnWg_LhDe4KprFg2VaUxFsQ2V5o23mrXw0yP_cD59AOPWqMkAewVHpCSS5mmnhWjfOtPWMkL0Pu9dfAse1mRTLa6nAECG4t5AMp/s640/IMG_9865+trim+level.jpg" width="512" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">田徑場的大部份區域,都已經被考古人員重見天日了。其上比較顯著的殘存建物,除了跑道之外,則是一道石質的起跑線,和裁判的座位區。我在這裡附了一張旅遊隊友們,站在起跑線的照片。不過那些男士們,應該都是裸體的。哈哈哈哈!</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">(古希臘的運動會,早期只有男選手,而且都是裸體的。)</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1E4_L1z3gRdrOMRFdXGwWXK2DPxKlgb9h6yo44WJholxwLQsSwCEkSaKzCwSKKsK2f_z4whiRWfUnrx6kkzc-NvcxWMUgUW1FGhru5p8Yx9mlFQBKhAu0stROEbSaVxA2EJPgRFPB-0Mz/s1600/IMG_9869+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1E4_L1z3gRdrOMRFdXGwWXK2DPxKlgb9h6yo44WJholxwLQsSwCEkSaKzCwSKKsK2f_z4whiRWfUnrx6kkzc-NvcxWMUgUW1FGhru5p8Yx9mlFQBKhAu0stROEbSaVxA2EJPgRFPB-0Mz/s640/IMG_9869+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifCNhkuLWAHtDElYoXVsRgJpNrKt86g1PwYdWZTpiEUry-lCh2LUqyFirDs7F2O1W5VvXR6ChDGkEhggER5E0Gr9SVydDbG2emvZq7w0A4PIU289Bt_B7VewKbOGDPzVX7HyBQ9HMlT_5o/s1600/IMG_9870+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifCNhkuLWAHtDElYoXVsRgJpNrKt86g1PwYdWZTpiEUry-lCh2LUqyFirDs7F2O1W5VvXR6ChDGkEhggER5E0Gr9SVydDbG2emvZq7w0A4PIU289Bt_B7VewKbOGDPzVX7HyBQ9HMlT_5o/s640/IMG_9870+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIgaL-v_u2xVXi6qJvLG1nI_EzlBvcE4msD5QEjIQ9rM8YzpFlCUC1yh4AHB59TnE37eVva2XyD5bh6sIs5A8dmE2nmyItIsMXAMIHZaxHlyg5c60dHXMfnhsL5PN7Ff-AtrxVySuodcy2/s1600/IMG_9872+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIgaL-v_u2xVXi6qJvLG1nI_EzlBvcE4msD5QEjIQ9rM8YzpFlCUC1yh4AHB59TnE37eVva2XyD5bh6sIs5A8dmE2nmyItIsMXAMIHZaxHlyg5c60dHXMfnhsL5PN7Ff-AtrxVySuodcy2/s640/IMG_9872+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">考古人員從奧林匹亞區,搶救出不少殘存的藝術品,大部分都保存在現地的考古博物館裡面,讓我們對希臘的雕塑藝術,又多了不少非經過羅馬仿製品的直接根據。我會在下一集裡,和大家分享這些倖存的藝術品。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">行筆至此,很高興里約奧運至今尚稱和平。也希望從奧林匹亞蘊育出的國際和平精神,能夠長久地戰勝暴力的衝動。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-85731425621600981542013-12-13T15:55:00.000-08:002016-07-30T05:43:24.093-07:00生理時鐘 Circadian Clock<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- July 28, 2016 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 15pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">陶醉於朝霞暮靄,心悸於晝夜飛逝。</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: DFKai-SB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">迪生</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">@</span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2016</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-size: 14pt;">
</span></span><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我們體內有幾種週期性的震盪器,其中最重要的一種,是主管心跳的震盪器。這種震盪器主要有三套:統御階層最高的那一套,集中形成一個節點,位在心臟的上緣、右心房頂,靠近左心房處,被稱為
「</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">SA Node</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。而階層次高的那一套,也是集中形成一個節點,<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">位</span>於右心室的底部,也是靠近左心房處,被稱為 「</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">AV Node</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。當</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">SA Node</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">發出的脈衝信號因故而無法往下傳時,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">AV Node</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">就會自動出來代理。 階層最低的那一套,則散處在兩個心室之間被稱為
「</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Bundle of His</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 的脈衝傳導通道上。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVB1aJ97a926ImGkBMyR-_LESBiwKVVAqZlCagXftVzHDj9M-bLFH0HCXI6XGmKbQfbhd1gEw3gCIClhvsAbFy9jz_vsgm6rC0hF8tycOhQ4orRUBZmiOwzspfw8Y7yVtwSuBiVNH-y0P4/s1600/Cardiac+pacemaker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVB1aJ97a926ImGkBMyR-_LESBiwKVVAqZlCagXftVzHDj9M-bLFH0HCXI6XGmKbQfbhd1gEw3gCIClhvsAbFy9jz_vsgm6rC0hF8tycOhQ4orRUBZmiOwzspfw8Y7yVtwSuBiVNH-y0P4/s400/Cardiac+pacemaker.jpg" width="393" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">我們體內</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">次</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">重要的一種週期性的震盪器,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">則是所謂的「生理時鐘」了。在國際的醫學專有名詞裡,它們被稱為「</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Circadian Clock</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」。「</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Circadian</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」是《「</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Circa</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」+「</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Dia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」》的形容詞。前者是拉丁文裡「大約」的意思,而後者則是拉丁文裡「一天」的意思,所以它的直接含意,是「週期大約是一天的時鐘」。「生理時鐘」一詞,並不是它的直接翻譯。我們體內的好幾個器官,都有自己的生理時鐘。不過在正常情況之下,它們都會接受其中一個主帥的領導統御。而這個主帥生理時鐘,則位在我們大腦的底部,在兩條視神經左右交會及交錯點的上方。在生理解剖學裡<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">「交錯」</span>叫做「</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Chiasma<span lang="ZH-TW">」<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span>「上方」則常用「</span>Supra<span lang="ZH-TW">」<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span>而一群職司相近的神經細胞集結在一起,則常被稱為「</span>Nucleus<span lang="ZH-TW">」。所以這個主帥生理時鐘所在的神經細胞群,就被稱做「</span>Suprachiasmatic
Nucleus<span lang="ZH-TW">」,簡稱作「</span>SCN<span lang="ZH-TW">」。</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Uu9DBXPMGHF-RgZNUuKzoF4_bomFRiYnNW7aKUkYxRzX_2rerCmAQcaWprOpUDmfApFS4sNbN3Zd3n98W9k2f42AqcXOGXOCsBiz6IVazLcszi1CvynSbhES93cvY1-i9aJj05valhrn/s1600/%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B7%25AE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Uu9DBXPMGHF-RgZNUuKzoF4_bomFRiYnNW7aKUkYxRzX_2rerCmAQcaWprOpUDmfApFS4sNbN3Zd3n98W9k2f42AqcXOGXOCsBiz6IVazLcszi1CvynSbhES93cvY1-i9aJj05valhrn/s640/%25E6%2599%2582%25E5%25B7%25AE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">生理時鐘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">和前述的心跳的震盪器,雖然都是震盪器,可是有幾個大的差異。其中最明顯,但不是最基礎性的差異,是在於它們的震盪週期。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">SA Node <span lang="ZH-TW">的自然週期,大致是介於<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">每分鐘的 </span></span>1/60<span lang="ZH-TW">至</span> 1/100<span lang="ZH-TW">之間。 </span>AV Node <span lang="ZH-TW">的自然週期較長,而「</span>Bundle
of His<span lang="ZH-TW">」的自然週期則更長,大致是介於<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">每分鐘的 </span></span>1/30<span lang="ZH-TW">至</span> 1/50<span lang="ZH-TW">之間。 而大部分生理時鐘的自然週期,都在</span>24 <span lang="ZH-TW">小時左右。譬如說:在沒有外來訊息的影響之下,人類的 </span>SCN <span lang="ZH-TW">的自然週期平均大約是</span>24 <span lang="ZH-TW">小時</span>15<span lang="ZH-TW">分鐘。而人體從環境得到的訊息,會把週期拉到</span>24
<span lang="ZH-TW">小時。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這兩種震盪器比較基礎性的差異,是在於它們產生震盪的機制,和在細胞內發生震盪的地區。這裡有一個動物細胞的結構示意圖,裡面有多種不同的器官。但是和我們現在的主題密切相關的,只有細胞膜、細胞核、和介於兩者之間的細胞質(</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">cytoplasm</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">)。</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmlD63eGuKraTuYLRg0gwKykz6B4B7ksC8gGfj5yFt5IUvJ45HYIGoOm_iRCckQy6OR9OrFwwWuMiOfXI-kB2V7jPXPm5ruhUbWpkq6GxD76UkR7FM0T1l1aPHtumrXBUvS4OoUrdgGxbx/s1600/cell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmlD63eGuKraTuYLRg0gwKykz6B4B7ksC8gGfj5yFt5IUvJ45HYIGoOm_iRCckQy6OR9OrFwwWuMiOfXI-kB2V7jPXPm5ruhUbWpkq6GxD76UkR7FM0T1l1aPHtumrXBUvS4OoUrdgGxbx/s400/cell.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">主管心跳的震盪器,其震盪是發生在細胞膜的內部與外部之間。而參與震盪的物質,則是像納、鉀、鈣這樣的基本離子。這些帶電的離子在細胞膜的內部與外部之間的相對數量,會影響細胞膜的電位。而在像</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> SA Node<span lang="ZH-TW">這些地方的細胞的細胞膜電位,則會顯著改變那些基本離子進出細胞膜的穿透率。在這樣的回饋機制之下,就產生了離子濃度的震盪。而這種震盪所衍生出來的電位脈衝,則推動了你、我賴以為生的心跳。</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUe-ad6cPAY7EavWyj1bPdzjo4IHTCLuB_FlgThEHtOEQWjF_8eSolz-MLSLwDT3pjQ0SpMv7X5m8qzw0nnbFxNci2FZwxMLavyNPZkdp_dcm9sL8w-frrTw4766Gl4LOGpvnFwJcV4Br/s1600/cell+membrane2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUe-ad6cPAY7EavWyj1bPdzjo4IHTCLuB_FlgThEHtOEQWjF_8eSolz-MLSLwDT3pjQ0SpMv7X5m8qzw0nnbFxNci2FZwxMLavyNPZkdp_dcm9sL8w-frrTw4766Gl4LOGpvnFwJcV4Br/s320/cell+membrane2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYtymcNZJdkNj8NQ0VbExTEitmeesQ7bK_oRU71oZRFwkIFxjd6y5zcI8ZO13e7uAU3ZRUNrsG5qAml-CN2crGunrbG4u00NZ039f_Vgsy-yTnRcIclk0gIvlwVzW6_J9m95HTVyvbHlIx/s1600/cell+membrane.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">生理時鐘的震盪器</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">則大不相同,其震盪是發生在細胞核與細胞質之間。而參與震盪的物質,則是複雜很多的蛋白質分子。這些蛋白質分子,是在細胞核由</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> DNA <span lang="ZH-TW">製造出來的。而不同生物<span style="font-family: "simsun";">的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">生理時鐘</span>所利用的蛋白質結構和種類數目,也略有不同。生物越高等,參與的生化反應也越複雜。在人體內生理時鐘的細胞裡,細胞核裡面的</span>
DNA <span lang="ZH-TW">會製造出兩組和生理時鐘有關的蛋白質。這兩組分別是(</span>PER1<span lang="ZH-TW">、</span>PER2<span lang="ZH-TW">、</span>PER3<span lang="ZH-TW">)和 (</span>CRY1<span lang="ZH-TW">、</span>CRY2<span lang="ZH-TW">)。而這個製造過程,需要另外兩種蛋白質 </span>CLOCK <span lang="ZH-TW">和 </span>BMAL1 <span lang="ZH-TW">結合而成的<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雙體</span>(</span>dimer<span lang="ZH-TW">)來催化,才會有效率。那兩組蛋白質被製造出來之後,會被運輸到細胞核外的細胞質裡。等到細胞質裡的那兩組蛋白質濃度到達一個定值時,它們會交叉結合成複雜的大分子,同時進入細胞核裡去抑制
(</span>CLOCK<span lang="ZH-TW">:</span>BMAL1<span lang="ZH-TW">)<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雙體</span>的功能。於是那兩組蛋白質的濃度,會開始降低,然後(</span>CLOCK<span lang="ZH-TW">:</span>BMAL1<span lang="ZH-TW">)<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">雙體</span>又會逐漸恢復功能<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">,幫助 </span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">DNA<span lang="ZH-TW"> 製造那兩組蛋白質</span></span>。這個蛋白質濃渡的震盪過程,就這樣地以大約 </span>24<span lang="ZH-TW">小時的週期周而復始著。 </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuomOoYG8EkiXIdNV1C8TAXEAfqkFljLX1AlAsjYQSGr8_usl5XZSLuSSAjMITxEQFNKHHH2o3jD-a9m0MlMFtMGpKeiSxrqcsYWA_72KS4GbSmoyvH2px9yKP3BRtU59nwOZ9v51woIuV/s1600/circadian+clock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuomOoYG8EkiXIdNV1C8TAXEAfqkFljLX1AlAsjYQSGr8_usl5XZSLuSSAjMITxEQFNKHHH2o3jD-a9m0MlMFtMGpKeiSxrqcsYWA_72KS4GbSmoyvH2px9yKP3BRtU59nwOZ9v51woIuV/s400/circadian+clock.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">SCN <span lang="ZH-TW">會將這個週期的狀況,輸出到大腦的其他部位,特別是松果體(</span>Pineal Gland<span lang="ZH-TW">),來控制全身的生理狀況。同時,</span>SCN
<span lang="ZH-TW">也會接受身體其他部位送來的訊息,來調節它自己的狀態。其中最重要的影響訊息,是來自就在它旁邊的視神經。 我們眼球的視網膜裡,有一些會感光、但是不負責成像的神經細胞,被稱為「</span>Intrinsically
Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells<span lang="ZH-TW">」。它們會把自己受光的狀態,傳送到</span>
SCN <span lang="ZH-TW">去,成為 </span>SCN <span lang="ZH-TW">調節狀態的最重要外來影響。我在另外一篇部落格文章「調時差」裡面,曾經向大家介紹過它們。 <span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html</span></a></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKkATEs6DrVNLnGiWqk_RnlpGtycuCeN2xnqMhn4DAHhJnjGMpwso58zo0u5VFyVb7AsUKZyKTRGsGN4GAPUXDbOBAyLQx7MNeAum7srChCV_8I5fhNyWIsQ1D9kofHvqKykzNbR8XMIU/s1600/simplified+retina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKkATEs6DrVNLnGiWqk_RnlpGtycuCeN2xnqMhn4DAHhJnjGMpwso58zo0u5VFyVb7AsUKZyKTRGsGN4GAPUXDbOBAyLQx7MNeAum7srChCV_8I5fhNyWIsQ1D9kofHvqKykzNbR8XMIU/s640/simplified+retina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">SCN</span></span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span lang="ZH-TW">這個生理時鐘,對我們相當重要。它不僅調節我們體內重要器官的狀態,讓它們適合應付當時的環境時間,以便從事進食及其他活動,它也對睡眠及蘇醒有重要的影響。我會在其他文章當中、和大家分享「睡眠<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">」</span>這個<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">有趣的</span>課題。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A brief description in English</span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In our body, there are several
systems of biological oscillators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
utmost important among them is the system responsible for cardiac rhythm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are three components in this
system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the top of the hierarchy is
the SA node, situated near the apex of right atrium of the heart, close to the
septum between two atria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One level down
the hierarchy is the AV node, located at the bottom of right atrium, also close
to the septum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If for some reason the
signal from SA node cannot travel down the heart, AV node will automatically
take over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the bottom of the hierarchy
are a group of cells scattered along the electrical conduction pathway in the
middle, the “Bundle of His”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The second important biological
oscillator system in our body are the “Circadian Clocks”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several organs in our body have their own
circadian clock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nonetheless, under
normal condition they are all subject to the command of a central circadian
clock, which is the “Surpachiasmic Nucleus” located near the bottom of
Hypothalamus in the brain, just above the chiasma of the left and right optical
nerves.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although both cardiac pacemakers and
circadian clocks are both biological oscillator, there are major difference between
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most apparent difference, but
not the most fundamental difference, is in their oscillation periods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among cardia oscillators, SA node typically
has a period between 1/100 to 1/60 of a minute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>AV node has a moderately longer period, and The Bundle of His has the
longest period, ranging from 1/50 to 1/30 of a minute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In contrast, most of circadian clocks have
period near 24 hrs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, among
humans SCN has an average period of 24 hrs and 15 minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the most fundamental difference
between cardia pacemakers and circadian clocks is in their oscillating mechanism
and the sites where oscillation occurs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Attached here is an annotated schematic
of an animal cell. There are several different sort of organs in the cell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the only organs pertinent to our current
theme are only cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm between the two.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the case of cardiac pacemakers,
the oscillation occurs between the cell membrane, and the chemicals involved are
the basic ions such as sodium ion, potassium ion, and calcium ion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The relative abundance of these ions inside
and outside the cell membrane determines the membrane’s electrical
potential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the other hand, the
membrane’s electrical potential affects its permeability for these 3 ions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a feedback mechanism leads to the
oscillation of ionic concentration, which generate electrical pulses that drive
our heartbeats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In contrast, the biological oscillation
of circadian clocks occurs inside and outside the cell nucleus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although there are similarity among different
species in the oscillation mechanism, the more evolutionary advanced the
species, the more complex the biochemistry is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, inside the nucleus of human circadian clock cells, DNA manufactures
two sets of special proteins that are relevant to circadian rhythm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One set includes PER1, PER2, and PER3, and
another set include CRY1 and CRY2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
manufacturing process needs the catalytic help from a dimer formed by two other
proteins, CLOCK and BMAL1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once PERs and
CRYs are produced, they got transported out of the nucleus to cytoplasm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the concentration of PERs and CRYs reach
certain level, they will crossly form a large complex and move back inside the
nucleus to suppress the catalytic function of (CLOCK:BMAL1) dimer there, hence
thwarts the production of PERs and CRYs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consequently, the level of PERs and CRYs falls and (CLOCK:BMAL1) dimer gradually
resume their catalytic function of aiding DNA to produce PERs and CRYs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a process repeats itself with a period around
24 hrs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SCN will broadcast the status of
circadian clock within it to various parts of the central nerve system,
especially the Pineal Gland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
meanwhile, it also receives signals from various parts of the body to adjust
the status of its clock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most
important signal comes from the optical nerves next to it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the retina of our eyes, there is a type of
cell that is sensitive to visible light, yet does not participate in image
formation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are call “Intrinsically
Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells”, and projects their output to SCN.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have touched upon them in an earlier blog
article titled “Adjusting Jet Lag.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://dison-kuo.blogspot.com/2013/12/blog-post_8239.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The circadian clock at SCN is highly
crucial to our health. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its signal hels
various organs in our body to match the timing of the environment and prepares
them for timely activities such as eating and hunting/gathering/farming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, SCN plays an important role in
regulating our sleep and wakefulness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
will share with you the interesting subject of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Sleep” in a separate block article.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span> </span><br /></div>
Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9113854366086614653.post-55512936425248632162013-12-13T15:50:00.000-08:002016-07-01T16:21:10.879-07:00愛琴海之旅 (十九) 劇變造就成的美麗 — 聖多里尼島 Santorini (下)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCj5Qkq_HpyFoeELW3ZsxawvQo3FCOhp8_syaMRnzZFVVI7E_3i91nj2f4YdhUcDjD6GBoEpzoTvoEjRkWmnVL9OfYKx_81wMXz7YdD8K9NrUpniEGmxkmD5xQvNAJ1PG2OIlNaVHP1L4/s1600/IMG_8783+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCj5Qkq_HpyFoeELW3ZsxawvQo3FCOhp8_syaMRnzZFVVI7E_3i91nj2f4YdhUcDjD6GBoEpzoTvoEjRkWmnVL9OfYKx_81wMXz7YdD8K9NrUpniEGmxkmD5xQvNAJ1PG2OIlNaVHP1L4/s1600/IMG_8783+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCj5Qkq_HpyFoeELW3ZsxawvQo3FCOhp8_syaMRnzZFVVI7E_3i91nj2f4YdhUcDjD6GBoEpzoTvoEjRkWmnVL9OfYKx_81wMXz7YdD8K9NrUpniEGmxkmD5xQvNAJ1PG2OIlNaVHP1L4/s640/IMG_8783+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span> <span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(For a brief description in English, please scroll to the bottom.)</span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";"></span><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu"; font-size: medium;">如果您喜歡這篇文章,請至下列網頁按〝</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">like</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">〞,以後就可以較快得知此部落格的新動態。 謝謝!</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- June 21, 2016 </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: magenta; font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.facebook.com/gliding.cloud</span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="color: magenta; font-family: "calibri";"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 我在上一集裡提到過:聖多里尼島的西側,是陡峭高聳的火山口內壁。而島上的現代重要城鎮,也大都建在西岸。居高臨下的美麗海景,陡坡上的屋宇層疊,再加上當地政府對房屋外部顏色的規範,造就了許許多多宛如世外桃源的美麗鏡頭。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid-lQOwrUFASUxRYd5s7pcVNQN63jUxSF6bQAwU1GL8EQ3QM3SHUhGu4HFI6wJ_2fwkJd6p8s0AbbXFaTJuk5N-8bm_9-RaV1hj5bhask-N4SElWL5IYKcV_Z8xVgJsV6yP4khq9_IWiil/s1600/IMG_8694+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid-lQOwrUFASUxRYd5s7pcVNQN63jUxSF6bQAwU1GL8EQ3QM3SHUhGu4HFI6wJ_2fwkJd6p8s0AbbXFaTJuk5N-8bm_9-RaV1hj5bhask-N4SElWL5IYKcV_Z8xVgJsV6yP4khq9_IWiil/s640/IMG_8694+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG9zZPkdYP18uVjqRBjjgLDjyqjaKBvfc5GecLeIXWWUn-_CoJcFOFyUUnbF1NlENaXs3CIiMIjkPoCdagemokeTNSsdBqihxnK_i70T1Y1CrPO-4d88neHV5RfixzFu2K0ZJ3VOIZpQzi/s1600/IMG_8737+level+c-10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG9zZPkdYP18uVjqRBjjgLDjyqjaKBvfc5GecLeIXWWUn-_CoJcFOFyUUnbF1NlENaXs3CIiMIjkPoCdagemokeTNSsdBqihxnK_i70T1Y1CrPO-4d88neHV5RfixzFu2K0ZJ3VOIZpQzi/s640/IMG_8737+level+c-10.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDo7FFVtKiiPHLfXTubdNLJCJn9t7N2_Klv_CHcsmAWSfaCIX-JUbyY6xOyLjTl30JlmqflPn0nX_oIvA5CHFg1vRT2EhM2-g-UQgvY6jAQkj0ftl-2wRmZl9yAZGO1iYdDUPDo5cxpM9/s1600/IMG_8761+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqDo7FFVtKiiPHLfXTubdNLJCJn9t7N2_Klv_CHcsmAWSfaCIX-JUbyY6xOyLjTl30JlmqflPn0nX_oIvA5CHFg1vRT2EhM2-g-UQgvY6jAQkj0ftl-2wRmZl9yAZGO1iYdDUPDo5cxpM9/s640/IMG_8761+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;">
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjswODMt0Ehqf80qOV-GZhg-cWAwfVCv83tOSbGLeTgGtwNmMUR9G8zhIHkL0RdyJlSea-vk671LkBRV80IfMNqyl2Tr2_lWKICMuvLadGgYFl2ita8KM-XFVEcv3TpA_zOwveDDw-f3hsP/s1600/IMG_8723+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjswODMt0Ehqf80qOV-GZhg-cWAwfVCv83tOSbGLeTgGtwNmMUR9G8zhIHkL0RdyJlSea-vk671LkBRV80IfMNqyl2Tr2_lWKICMuvLadGgYFl2ita8KM-XFVEcv3TpA_zOwveDDw-f3hsP/s640/IMG_8723+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSLZzo1n0l8z3DRh54SoaJ5Z7mgmwc_ZSmPkvWY74gqpM3uIz6H4UD_Es0JtoXTtogX0zKvvhbO2bgr6vT6Dryo-aSlf-C8jINtVZ4EjOI9lXLRhlVzNr2aRIwmroTtJ20VcJBURYgvWS4/s1600/IMG_8721+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSLZzo1n0l8z3DRh54SoaJ5Z7mgmwc_ZSmPkvWY74gqpM3uIz6H4UD_Es0JtoXTtogX0zKvvhbO2bgr6vT6Dryo-aSlf-C8jINtVZ4EjOI9lXLRhlVzNr2aRIwmroTtJ20VcJBURYgvWS4/s640/IMG_8721+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
<br />
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf-yGJ__hfRz0A6h6iyURxrvOcnZ15Dm9geiv3TH956C4K8TtQ1YxWh4imt-0P3EIT3zvhAA4yazc5NzEWOu3GWqda03hhULCBiMOlCMR1jXsx_Pa2YjF2Wv6QfwkSZ7RN8PdSbyYy6r1a/s1600/IMG_8714+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf-yGJ__hfRz0A6h6iyURxrvOcnZ15Dm9geiv3TH956C4K8TtQ1YxWh4imt-0P3EIT3zvhAA4yazc5NzEWOu3GWqda03hhULCBiMOlCMR1jXsx_Pa2YjF2Wv6QfwkSZ7RN8PdSbyYy6r1a/s640/IMG_8714+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiShb_huRRXvhbdNkIkTKCiJAR7wl5bi2Mao27sSEOjWP8vftVvkALxmRq3BGVITQMmYY2L81hFa2TyG3Xmj86LoR8-Uxjsz-224IioK-hZ_gsEiA4tYOEvgx16-QOY14pnK2_65ss5ijRd/s1600/IMG_8762+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiShb_huRRXvhbdNkIkTKCiJAR7wl5bi2Mao27sSEOjWP8vftVvkALxmRq3BGVITQMmYY2L81hFa2TyG3Xmj86LoR8-Uxjsz-224IioK-hZ_gsEiA4tYOEvgx16-QOY14pnK2_65ss5ijRd/s640/IMG_8762+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFqJkAoMV07pWcvXLG9dsJbnX2X1auJv2LkaoSFzMrs5R-jBGt0xASSw9r2Am8BU-rUchyphenhyphenxpokoCvYMTJtHOovcE2dbocGGVoX-U-7gnB67z0-nwv1YeIpEd63ATvhs_mDIQptBnrFjyg/s1600/IMG_8760+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIFqJkAoMV07pWcvXLG9dsJbnX2X1auJv2LkaoSFzMrs5R-jBGt0xASSw9r2Am8BU-rUchyphenhyphenxpokoCvYMTJtHOovcE2dbocGGVoX-U-7gnB67z0-nwv1YeIpEd63ATvhs_mDIQptBnrFjyg/s640/IMG_8760+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">這些陡峭高聳的地形,也促成了聖多里尼的一些其他特色。例如說:它的首府</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Fira
</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">與其方的港口之間的交通,只能靠纜車和一條陡峻的步道。而這一條步道,則以觀光載客驢隊出了名。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">即使這個所謂的「港口」,也因為地形的限制,只能停靠小型駁船。所以後來在其南方一段距離處,又開闢了一個稍大、而且可通車輛的港口。提到驢隊,就想到聽說在下坡時,如果你不慎從驢背上掉下來,聰明的驢子會趕緊把你丟下,揚長而去。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQucI5ikhFLDf-osS4Nd_PLzhP5_VQ758Ztj8W4Voh5BwD4IsScpR0hQcttVbOyTPbCqlM2EzhXGiyOMii8QpRIaJTHeqEvrcjaEMWA0Y7nCT13rvZdcq3LGlH2b6irDK6X6pnPPtSoNk4/s1600/IMG_8496+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQucI5ikhFLDf-osS4Nd_PLzhP5_VQ758Ztj8W4Voh5BwD4IsScpR0hQcttVbOyTPbCqlM2EzhXGiyOMii8QpRIaJTHeqEvrcjaEMWA0Y7nCT13rvZdcq3LGlH2b6irDK6X6pnPPtSoNk4/s640/IMG_8496+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL2iMxKju9Ero3oyovuQQVJ5El7aCRNNPSpTRCE9O8r_BsIxskcHHQoHsks-cAlsQ4nWBVGDArsF_zhRUWb4JoLJ-xU1arAhQjgauPoDTToJAlRii2awihKUBmUwLk80ea0AjM07HhDj1j/s1600/IMG_8429+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL2iMxKju9Ero3oyovuQQVJ5El7aCRNNPSpTRCE9O8r_BsIxskcHHQoHsks-cAlsQ4nWBVGDArsF_zhRUWb4JoLJ-xU1arAhQjgauPoDTToJAlRii2awihKUBmUwLk80ea0AjM07HhDj1j/s640/IMG_8429+level.jpg" width="420" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKAvBzL3wFVlhJkH0lb5ll1r2ojVASpqtoRJEtUgJ7g3pthMMO0iwTapc6LlYbxeJvzaRHi1NMh85hVZhY1eQaNnpbXY8iIaaIzfaqUrsnr4obo4Jez723lTmNNMbPn9GSckqQt4iW_3Us/s1600/IMG_9146+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKAvBzL3wFVlhJkH0lb5ll1r2ojVASpqtoRJEtUgJ7g3pthMMO0iwTapc6LlYbxeJvzaRHi1NMh85hVZhY1eQaNnpbXY8iIaaIzfaqUrsnr4obo4Jez723lTmNNMbPn9GSckqQt4iW_3Us/s640/IMG_9146+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjO_AAnPo2uzSeO8xxpVYK5hOTsf_hywIcDieRGm3cr-cUBUlDIuzisLjIVnG2b-zHyMe8cy8MQaE7knFT-h6w8npI3MINqZ58sUhWQcfABD0KUCsxcEZfMpIhTRauNWjcAqAHYfEgp3X4/s1600/IMG_8378+level+r+trim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjO_AAnPo2uzSeO8xxpVYK5hOTsf_hywIcDieRGm3cr-cUBUlDIuzisLjIVnG2b-zHyMe8cy8MQaE7knFT-h6w8npI3MINqZ58sUhWQcfABD0KUCsxcEZfMpIhTRauNWjcAqAHYfEgp3X4/s640/IMG_8378+level+r+trim.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRrNJD10f2qOplLnNGWaNYBPTOwOdYF1thDYtytVIYulC-4vNnOqvaLoVq90AHQSFBfJnZ0qYTr34XlaM9IfZvH-MuBTWcY29KId-oA86JV_AIybfHb8RB88g4plCfMKWq9WD3xZm43CHo/s1600/IMG_9115+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRrNJD10f2qOplLnNGWaNYBPTOwOdYF1thDYtytVIYulC-4vNnOqvaLoVq90AHQSFBfJnZ0qYTr34XlaM9IfZvH-MuBTWcY29KId-oA86JV_AIybfHb8RB88g4plCfMKWq9WD3xZm43CHo/s640/IMG_9115+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWl74wJHm3JrVt_mVnkLdmj8J0z63UOgyy8W0FLStJoKBAG0UYRiOMVLak-4mQhDt9xoYypCx9_nIPfQqcehRnSIXdqS3sjHMrA0HqgYNbo6K39PSjvNzt-dEyodLlnWQNw6F-hlCFinXD/s1600/IMG_8490+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWl74wJHm3JrVt_mVnkLdmj8J0z63UOgyy8W0FLStJoKBAG0UYRiOMVLak-4mQhDt9xoYypCx9_nIPfQqcehRnSIXdqS3sjHMrA0HqgYNbo6K39PSjvNzt-dEyodLlnWQNw6F-hlCFinXD/s640/IMG_8490+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYi8QHc74kOygPye9g7aYXb3gEciZCyTS0AK_2sWpQkTVfQfV4Rt8zxrtIsCzopENQkggd7__SoA5rojrkPO5-x-3yWZ9aPJujYH1dod0wdRIVdY0-4pcOi3SPMP9cfyK86ltJKRcAdxCC/s1600/IMG_8483+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYi8QHc74kOygPye9g7aYXb3gEciZCyTS0AK_2sWpQkTVfQfV4Rt8zxrtIsCzopENQkggd7__SoA5rojrkPO5-x-3yWZ9aPJujYH1dod0wdRIVdY0-4pcOi3SPMP9cfyK86ltJKRcAdxCC/s640/IMG_8483+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">聖多里尼島上的幾個現代的市鎮。除了它位在西岸中點的首府</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
Fira</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">之外,另外一個遊客更多的市鎮,是位於它西北岸的</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Oia</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。我們在島上的短短幾個小時,大部分都花在此一小鎮上。在此地,不論是遠眺,俯瞰、或是回顧市鎮的街坊屋宇,都充滿了令人難忘的美景。</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTAj-G6AOkDyvHL3vy-HpIOo0aj2MCLsYuwvKzOTcRBh8oinGupWkOBFtRjW0T-2IgsBaITIbIZl9tRB3ixqwpCQQx7UaviZWIBNRt2hHq3SFsiT_Xrxcf9sVniAaX-1yyOfpdGlE2ta78/s1600/IMG_8624+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTAj-G6AOkDyvHL3vy-HpIOo0aj2MCLsYuwvKzOTcRBh8oinGupWkOBFtRjW0T-2IgsBaITIbIZl9tRB3ixqwpCQQx7UaviZWIBNRt2hHq3SFsiT_Xrxcf9sVniAaX-1yyOfpdGlE2ta78/s640/IMG_8624+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl5NY1hEb0T-0dM3QD4rFeyWzclHVvM6G-z8SX_l5YYJTy9LX9K6YUyZy8gzKMBEFozhdpgFN-tjbMzBzYOKp7FgXdP9QDy6GR0G8w-CgEV7QUJZ67RplI_C9JhzgQGalpTrFkJo2-jilN/s1600/IMG_8760+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl5NY1hEb0T-0dM3QD4rFeyWzclHVvM6G-z8SX_l5YYJTy9LX9K6YUyZy8gzKMBEFozhdpgFN-tjbMzBzYOKp7FgXdP9QDy6GR0G8w-CgEV7QUJZ67RplI_C9JhzgQGalpTrFkJo2-jilN/s1600/IMG_8760+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl5NY1hEb0T-0dM3QD4rFeyWzclHVvM6G-z8SX_l5YYJTy9LX9K6YUyZy8gzKMBEFozhdpgFN-tjbMzBzYOKp7FgXdP9QDy6GR0G8w-CgEV7QUJZ67RplI_C9JhzgQGalpTrFkJo2-jilN/s640/IMG_8760+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEhmE8EjIk078kl_NpNc4NJOGBGEZPV7uPRgz1_S9vFdA74dvEpl0P_vXkFTgkwIkxewtcJ_-pMY30J0GsfrvPRaOJrdtiQLef8h2vMfa5zG11V1wNz7Mhh9-cNna4_dzALXcS0EWFeHrk/s1600/IMG_8806+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEhmE8EjIk078kl_NpNc4NJOGBGEZPV7uPRgz1_S9vFdA74dvEpl0P_vXkFTgkwIkxewtcJ_-pMY30J0GsfrvPRaOJrdtiQLef8h2vMfa5zG11V1wNz7Mhh9-cNna4_dzALXcS0EWFeHrk/s640/IMG_8806+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6zMQfTCs5AfOKl7ykxaU2FX6ViP8NNT9biGE9IsmsbHs3w8A_5SMI0vDUnaaTw8I-TFRBcFYmFsUSifKo3wUFjR9cWz1aOfJuSq37Mg4bieyssC4OBJdFvdni57Ek8tSXl32634LpCTfP/s1600/IMG_8819+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6zMQfTCs5AfOKl7ykxaU2FX6ViP8NNT9biGE9IsmsbHs3w8A_5SMI0vDUnaaTw8I-TFRBcFYmFsUSifKo3wUFjR9cWz1aOfJuSq37Mg4bieyssC4OBJdFvdni57Ek8tSXl32634LpCTfP/s640/IMG_8819+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPLGfeI-gcP65ZiD9zcV-qG_7_uoXNBJLDo196mv8dADtonL0sLfsr7YDlhR0UGyrJKLo449yXyqH2-9J7Pygpz4_bCxzPUceCQ2NePS8GE_xBEDZ9lR5uCsjhd3ILbviWlkrHni6Xi_6g/s1600/IMG_8821+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPLGfeI-gcP65ZiD9zcV-qG_7_uoXNBJLDo196mv8dADtonL0sLfsr7YDlhR0UGyrJKLo449yXyqH2-9J7Pygpz4_bCxzPUceCQ2NePS8GE_xBEDZ9lR5uCsjhd3ILbviWlkrHni6Xi_6g/s640/IMG_8821+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDHySE17McBZqpwY3Mv6tjjlJ65HRUoRHRN6uyzQ2C9wr9zHalhKWldzEr05YJjoNGLICUl8bsXNH9BoiheV9DI7RsddIQQ2RzdwTiT4vHN0K1AkHJim8pjAVqQvyfbBiz0ZOEXwMo2xR/s1600/IMG_8833+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDHySE17McBZqpwY3Mv6tjjlJ65HRUoRHRN6uyzQ2C9wr9zHalhKWldzEr05YJjoNGLICUl8bsXNH9BoiheV9DI7RsddIQQ2RzdwTiT4vHN0K1AkHJim8pjAVqQvyfbBiz0ZOEXwMo2xR/s640/IMG_8833+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRMftJkYdlE6MNw9i1fbS4VhC-P2gfnKDRE9JqL6ynlZMVOKnQwbf79DKFDuTgrBthCDZfYb8HP714w5hx-2HdL8MhKW1dzrMmWbt7z_xXqMXvnuiaCR-c9QI3_lFwCVNVghde5MHx9sXm/s1600/IMG_8836+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRMftJkYdlE6MNw9i1fbS4VhC-P2gfnKDRE9JqL6ynlZMVOKnQwbf79DKFDuTgrBthCDZfYb8HP714w5hx-2HdL8MhKW1dzrMmWbt7z_xXqMXvnuiaCR-c9QI3_lFwCVNVghde5MHx9sXm/s640/IMG_8836+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjld2SlDEhgGhrpkFlPxftOuurqIosM-0zdRwI9u2Drz8h5pt8rOLX1ljKqUyn7w0jYrnEIHzkpbVAaGSWBPrmh0Jg_NBaVLp3Vqit1W2pWi4DCGWhyphenhyphenhxwPTuL7ZFF6C-24XD1puO0xiEDq/s1600/IMG_8837+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjld2SlDEhgGhrpkFlPxftOuurqIosM-0zdRwI9u2Drz8h5pt8rOLX1ljKqUyn7w0jYrnEIHzkpbVAaGSWBPrmh0Jg_NBaVLp3Vqit1W2pWi4DCGWhyphenhyphenhxwPTuL7ZFF6C-24XD1puO0xiEDq/s640/IMG_8837+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirduA-MLSKIHMU0PywgVGRbU2-kgwYKhaGmHNknXMzGy7n0cf0KwNIMPrE5x4XYYBm_Vx79CkHT4j5keZBqtKCFKpMq3GC6AkbZwxlRunKVw6Hzz8DfCBK9Bw1SFumsT9gTzcgmGji6pYa/s1600/IMG_8840+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirduA-MLSKIHMU0PywgVGRbU2-kgwYKhaGmHNknXMzGy7n0cf0KwNIMPrE5x4XYYBm_Vx79CkHT4j5keZBqtKCFKpMq3GC6AkbZwxlRunKVw6Hzz8DfCBK9Bw1SFumsT9gTzcgmGji6pYa/s640/IMG_8840+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKAYRXzXd1TGRq37dtZgYoLCRDIJy1O52jcVyglGKv2dC_Fz05ijJrbKTBq3sN7VzHG6-QBORovUMmCaCUC2HJX0pVjt4YTdzjuerqHZlqcJWKPFU5OJYKC2wII9AK2mWosn3lBA9gDnlL/s1600/IMG_8843+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKAYRXzXd1TGRq37dtZgYoLCRDIJy1O52jcVyglGKv2dC_Fz05ijJrbKTBq3sN7VzHG6-QBORovUMmCaCUC2HJX0pVjt4YTdzjuerqHZlqcJWKPFU5OJYKC2wII9AK2mWosn3lBA9gDnlL/s640/IMG_8843+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtWhd-A-CCswZUGU9e6W0YqjvMyD_Qp5WYqLCeLch9hFOzQh7Bwor_aX1Ko4B-qZxZA9Ed45_yAoAbVDObuovPuNjeQ90GK-ITv_A2NTsd_laeHTtqdWRIdZNJdW3sm2y9ERsJhPlMbu9/s1600/IMG_8845+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtWhd-A-CCswZUGU9e6W0YqjvMyD_Qp5WYqLCeLch9hFOzQh7Bwor_aX1Ko4B-qZxZA9Ed45_yAoAbVDObuovPuNjeQ90GK-ITv_A2NTsd_laeHTtqdWRIdZNJdW3sm2y9ERsJhPlMbu9/s640/IMG_8845+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0B3gJ1Oue1lcYCu8cybs6PKLbVhGqJBMAS6R-ZJSKpOHm22WA4WskRb1YtEOFJ72wmzjkAm35yeTOvL2o8O4qTHNxHTm1TKVtJZ_UE5_7sGw6Pk7mofRthl2mg6LCkdPLmXYu2BHQ-3ml/s1600/IMG_8871+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0B3gJ1Oue1lcYCu8cybs6PKLbVhGqJBMAS6R-ZJSKpOHm22WA4WskRb1YtEOFJ72wmzjkAm35yeTOvL2o8O4qTHNxHTm1TKVtJZ_UE5_7sGw6Pk7mofRthl2mg6LCkdPLmXYu2BHQ-3ml/s640/IMG_8871+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyRxigN8-IpEPnkZgOprIKUAB1Vooaw0WFB3gX4ol_6S6XcXOQtJkacDhaN6AogK5ux9EHEgm9VztZVp_5fE-JDGed7kQFKDELpQY5vz3RpQoGOj8BJyUMlHqwy39Imo65hmLCYtkI-HPD/s1600/IMG_8875+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyRxigN8-IpEPnkZgOprIKUAB1Vooaw0WFB3gX4ol_6S6XcXOQtJkacDhaN6AogK5ux9EHEgm9VztZVp_5fE-JDGed7kQFKDELpQY5vz3RpQoGOj8BJyUMlHqwy39Imo65hmLCYtkI-HPD/s640/IMG_8875+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsrmxNpjDjvvNZ99Xj6cRzIaWZxbPFXV3-K3cjIEr6tnxwz0VeooabGIHQZWU_nXhtJQTjmMwq1__CcG4wMgsE3ZaR615D9Y6WKwAlBzRTLW7YuQJnCm3VjYxvp_NgNE6llg0m_Z0AwqtV/s1600/IMG_8921+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsrmxNpjDjvvNZ99Xj6cRzIaWZxbPFXV3-K3cjIEr6tnxwz0VeooabGIHQZWU_nXhtJQTjmMwq1__CcG4wMgsE3ZaR615D9Y6WKwAlBzRTLW7YuQJnCm3VjYxvp_NgNE6llg0m_Z0AwqtV/s640/IMG_8921+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">當該回遊輪的時候快到的時候,我們搭車到</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Fira</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">市的西側,搭乘纜車下到海面,再乘駁船回遊輪。就在駁船上,我們很幸運地看到了原來躲在另外一座島後方的夕陽美景。</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span> </div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCXHbUpnwQEqvGZySdB4XxvhE60VII5GkNIzbgAJ4HRbdxOVZoeQd0NIHe5o_CqA7heQkSs2216BeAPblStbGdRDlyEtXAccaJRXpRd2sgAjEFemDOo6S1SPZ11UyXJKEvOwISqga9l-aw/s1600/IMG_9150+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCXHbUpnwQEqvGZySdB4XxvhE60VII5GkNIzbgAJ4HRbdxOVZoeQd0NIHe5o_CqA7heQkSs2216BeAPblStbGdRDlyEtXAccaJRXpRd2sgAjEFemDOo6S1SPZ11UyXJKEvOwISqga9l-aw/s640/IMG_9150+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgUYin0wxjI84CF1bwwqlZVJ7Ev_halwTDBS3WtVUM4X3zspKL8PTlMDRRovOQmN9PqalR9rnOSKzJK3yqdqRtfF9rfisnCm8YxRzMGHGA4DFcjRzaL14D2j2v8W82c3NMrEFhhzGMHmCD/s1600/IMG_9117+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgUYin0wxjI84CF1bwwqlZVJ7Ev_halwTDBS3WtVUM4X3zspKL8PTlMDRRovOQmN9PqalR9rnOSKzJK3yqdqRtfF9rfisnCm8YxRzMGHGA4DFcjRzaL14D2j2v8W82c3NMrEFhhzGMHmCD/s640/IMG_9117+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix1_TQWzDeqM35-h8OSz5LC7PuUXwx9AsOUV7GOlaMYuPCEex9QyGgTvrfycCBP7CnQJxfzP2mYYs54vzIUcqGSv8_5ChAcI8CDs3WUjGp0hEhSsi1gJhy_d_lbsKqgFwJFwbd22-wthlq/s1600/IMG_9138+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix1_TQWzDeqM35-h8OSz5LC7PuUXwx9AsOUV7GOlaMYuPCEex9QyGgTvrfycCBP7CnQJxfzP2mYYs54vzIUcqGSv8_5ChAcI8CDs3WUjGp0hEhSsi1gJhy_d_lbsKqgFwJFwbd22-wthlq/s640/IMG_9138+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZwR9-0VDzEqNX0yA1EwTTuoVkPpA0_qw2c_xc9tFG5r0TZjTf1cfKFTb_Ct3nzAcKN7gdA5B5QqXMFdk0Yqn3rukoY5xJtFvebMLwa3XIJ9qP_7OPjMVdhtehIcIv3Jv1-qJFIg3ja-ij/s1600/IMG_9126+r+trim+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZwR9-0VDzEqNX0yA1EwTTuoVkPpA0_qw2c_xc9tFG5r0TZjTf1cfKFTb_Ct3nzAcKN7gdA5B5QqXMFdk0Yqn3rukoY5xJtFvebMLwa3XIJ9qP_7OPjMVdhtehIcIv3Jv1-qJFIg3ja-ij/s640/IMG_9126+r+trim+level.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"> 我想會有朋友好奇說:聖多里尼火山會再爆發嗎?答案是肯定的,只是時間早晚而已<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。從宏觀的角度來看:造成聖多里尼火山的根本原因、<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">亦即</span>非洲板塊和愛琴海板塊之間的相對運動,至今方興未艾,所以火山的火源依舊存在。再從微觀的角度來看:我在上一集裡提到過:「火山口中心附近的兩座小島,並不是當時爆發後殘留的,而是由在那次大爆發的一千多年以後的幾次小噴發的岩漿流,冷卻形成的」。光是從西元</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">1900-1950</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年之間,火山口中間的小島,就有三次噴發。而在<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">西元</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">2011-2012</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">年的遠距探測,也確認火山口中間的小島,表<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">面</span>曾經隆起十多公分,顯示其下方的岩漿室<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">正</span>再被充填。不過過去聖多里尼火山兩次大爆發之間的時距似乎不短,據粗略的估計大致在一萬年的數量級。所以我們這一代,見到這隻美麗的鳳凰重浴烈火的機會,應該很小</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">。</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxYS5dVGwKnP8PjzIYQedeVf-b9u40-yc4Gdca9TjFCG5TaiuUkcuXpllrZZ_64XUoG9CX7XF4nPa6z2RfZFQiXZWH_2x_jneJl5tG5VCztYVBYEl-LqqSbtxR7yUAv1jbxCrIpTsE_6H/s1600/IMG_9161+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxYS5dVGwKnP8PjzIYQedeVf-b9u40-yc4Gdca9TjFCG5TaiuUkcuXpllrZZ_64XUoG9CX7XF4nPa6z2RfZFQiXZWH_2x_jneJl5tG5VCztYVBYEl-LqqSbtxR7yUAv1jbxCrIpTsE_6H/s640/IMG_9161+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf9UEgHSAxJEyHOR0B3eruXYktq3NiApSZGqEs_lDr1Mtcp-DJolQJ0ndyk_Opab42fB9mMFrHGeojeh7OsnNJDOnLK8rfGA0UpDFgjv0ycFaFVVeUJR01wxJuhdflmRRb_lKpzCtjdBPp/s1600/IMG_9162+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf9UEgHSAxJEyHOR0B3eruXYktq3NiApSZGqEs_lDr1Mtcp-DJolQJ0ndyk_Opab42fB9mMFrHGeojeh7OsnNJDOnLK8rfGA0UpDFgjv0ycFaFVVeUJR01wxJuhdflmRRb_lKpzCtjdBPp/s640/IMG_9162+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6xE43ZLTAyPv60SNIC5r8141owyhrEiLQFMNyEg2THhL1XBmE8xcVY6HvysoeuLdHxrI18Rju-HzgR57k9NrfgBLbpXMKp2GlynDzm6Q3Hrg623wWPITCLFzW_m4VmE3PsyfY_cSfxQwb/s1600/IMG_9166+level.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6xE43ZLTAyPv60SNIC5r8141owyhrEiLQFMNyEg2THhL1XBmE8xcVY6HvysoeuLdHxrI18Rju-HzgR57k9NrfgBLbpXMKp2GlynDzm6Q3Hrg623wWPITCLFzW_m4VmE3PsyfY_cSfxQwb/s640/IMG_9166+level.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri";">A Brief Description in
English</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Santorini - A Phoenix from a Fiery Birth, part 2</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As we have seen in the last part of
this travel note, the steep terrain at the inner edge of Santorini Volcano’s
caldera plays a major role in forming the world-famous scenery of Santorini
Island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This terrain also leads to some
of Santorini’s unique features.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
instance, the capital city of Fira can only reach its port via a cable car or a
winding and extraneous trail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is on
this trail passes the well-known donkey ride.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We spent most of our time in the
village of Oia, which locates at the western shore near the northern end of the
island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nonetheless, we did venture into
the city of Fira to take the cable car down to the port and got ferried back to
our cruise ship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We were quite luck to
capture a glimpse of beautiful sunset.<o:p></o:p></span></span>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some people may wonder: Will
Santorini Volcano erupt again?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
answer is “yes”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, there have
been 9 eruptions since the first century AD, and 3 of these occurred in the first
half of 20<sup>th</sup> century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, they are of much smaller scale than the one in 16<sup>th</sup>-15<sup>th</sup>
century BC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It may take a long while
before the volcano accumulates enough energy for another epic eruption.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other
words, fortunately to our comfort, during our lifetime this beautiful phoenix, the Santorini Island, is unlikely to get
engulfed by flame again. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "pmingliu";"></span><br />Di-Son Kuohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06605064729002040756noreply@blogger.com0